Table
R & D expenditure and R&D personnel in OECD countries, as share of GDP and labour force. Percentage| Country | Gross Domestic Expenditure on R & D. Million PPP dollar. 2016 | GERD as percentage of GDP | R & D expenditure in the business enterprise sector (BERD) as percentage of GDP | Total R & D personnel per thousand labour force |
|---|
| 2010 | 2016 | 2010 | 2016 | 2010 | 2016 |
|---|
| Austria | 13 625.5 | 2.73 | 3.09 | 1.87 | 2.20 | 14.20 | 16.40 |
|---|
| Belgium | 13 087.9 | 2.05 | 2.49 | 1.38 | 1.73 | 12.27 | 15.96 |
|---|
| Canada | 26 072.0 | 1.83 | 1.60 | 0.95 | 0.82 | 12.59 | .. |
|---|
| Chile | 1 523.9 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 1.48 | 1.92 |
|---|
| Czech Republic | 6 162.2 | 1.34 | 1.68 | 0.76 | 1.03 | 9.92 | 12.30 |
|---|
| Denmark | 8 063.6 | 2.92 | 2.87 | 1.96 | 1.89 | 19.18 | 19.74 |
|---|
| Estonia | 501.5 | 1.58 | 1.28 | 0.79 | 0.66 | 7.71 | 8.31 |
|---|
| Finland | 6 546.9 | 3.73 | 2.75 | 2.59 | 1.81 | 20.78 | 17.54 |
|---|
| France | 62 162.7 | 2.18 | 2.25 | 1.38 | 1.43 | 13.83 | .. |
|---|
| Germany | 118 158.5 | 2.71 | 2.93 | 1.82 | 2.00 | 13.16 | 15.30 |
|---|
| Greece | 2 904.4 | 0.60 | 1.01 | 0.24 | 0.43 | .. | 8.70 |
|---|
| Hungary | 3 160.4 | 1.14 | 1.21 | 0.68 | 0.89 | 7.49 | 7.80 |
|---|
| Iceland | 353.3 | .. | 2.08 | 1.31 | 1.31 | .. | 16.53 |
|---|
| Ireland | 3 995.0 | 1.59 | 1.18 | 1.09 | 0.83 | 8.97 | 16.22 |
|---|
| Israel | 13 536.2 | 3.94 | 4.25 | 3.27 | 3.64 | .. | .. |
|---|
| Italy | 29 915.9 | 1.22 | 1.29 | 0.66 | 0.75 | 9.18 | 10.03 |
|---|
| Japan | 168 644.9 | 3.14 | 3.14 | 2.40 | 2.47 | 13.24 | 13.12 |
|---|
| Korea | 79 354.3 | 3.47 | 4.23 | 2.59 | 3.29 | 13.55 | 16.42 |
|---|
| Latvia | 222.1 | 0.61 | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 5.27 | 5.18 |
|---|
| Luxembourg | 741.1 | 1.50 | 1.24 | 1.00 | 0.64 | 13.25 | 12.07 |
|---|
| Mexico | 11 025.9 | 0.53 | 0.49 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 1.44 | .. |
|---|
| Netherlands | 17 493.3 | 1.72 | 2.03 | 0.83 | 1.16 | 11.44 | 14.77 |
|---|
| New Zealand | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
|---|
| Norway | 6 255.8 | 1.65 | 2.03 | 0.84 | 1.08 | 13.88 | 15.80 |
|---|
| Poland | 10 037.5 | 0.72 | 0.97 | 0.19 | 0.63 | 4.78 | .. |
|---|
| Portugal | 4 006.6 | 1.53 | 1.27 | 0.70 | 0.61 | 8.67 | 9.83 |
|---|
| Slovak Republic | 1 306.3 | 0.62 | 0.79 | 0.26 | 0.40 | 6.72 | 6.44 |
|---|
| Slovenia | 1 352.9 | 2.06 | 2.00 | 1.40 | 1.51 | 12.43 | 14.43 |
|---|
| Spain | 20 006.5 | 1.35 | 1.19 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 9.50 | 9.02 |
|---|
| Sweden | 15 795.5 | 3.22 | 3.25 | 2.21 | 2.26 | 15.65 | 17.19 |
|---|
| Switzerland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
|---|
| Turkey | 18 963.4 | 0.80 | 0.94 | 0.34 | 0.51 | 3.19 | 4.49 |
|---|
| United Kingdom | 47 244.5 | 1.67 | 1.69 | 1.02 | 1.13 | 11.11 | 12.64 |
|---|
| United States | 511 089.0 | 2.74 | 2.74 | 1.86 | 1.95 | .. | .. |
|---|
| European Union (28) | 391 952.5 | 1.84 | 1.93 | 1.12 | 1.24 | .. | .. |
|---|
| European Union (15) | 363 748.0 | 1.99 | 2.09 | 1.24 | 1.35 | 10.56 | 11.99 |
|---|
| OECD - Total | 1 266 135.4 | 2.29 | 2.34 | 1.52 | 1.62 | 11.82 | 13.21 |
|---|
| Non-OECD Economies | | | | | | | |
|---|
| China | 451 201.4 | 1.71 | 2.11 | 1.26 | 1.63 | 3.26 | 4.81 |
|---|
| Russia | 39 881.9 | 1.05 | 1.10 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 11.13 | 10.47 |
|---|