Table
R & D expenditure and R&D personnel in OECD countries, as share of GDP and labour force. Percentage| Country | Gross Domestic Expenditure on R & D. Million PPP dollar. 2018 | GERD as percentage of GDP | R & D expenditure in the business enterprise sector (BERD) as percentage of GDP | Total R & D personnel per thousand labour force |
|---|
| 2013 | 2018 | 2013 | 2018 | 2013 | 2018 |
|---|
| Austria | 15 785.6 | 2.95 | 3.14 | 2.09 | 2.19 | 15.26 | 17.79 |
|---|
| Belgium | 15 991.8 | 2.33 | 2.68 | 1.62 | 1.87 | 13.72 | 17.44 |
|---|
| Canada | 29 003.3 | 1.71 | 1.56 | 0.87 | 0.80 | 12.19 | .. |
|---|
| Chile | 1 621.3 | 0.39 | 0.35 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 1.60 | .. |
|---|
| Czech Republic | 8 286.9 | 1.90 | 1.93 | 1.01 | 1.20 | 11.68 | 13.84 |
|---|
| Denmark | 10 054.2 | 2.97 | 3.03 | 1.88 | 1.95 | 19.83 | 21.15 |
|---|
| Estonia | 675.0 | 1.71 | 1.40 | 0.82 | 0.59 | 8.58 | 8.77 |
|---|
| Finland | 7 504.1 | 3.27 | 2.76 | 2.25 | 1.81 | 19.66 | 18.11 |
|---|
| France | 68 440.9 | 2.24 | 2.19 | 1.44 | 1.43 | 14.17 | 15.16 |
|---|
| Germany | 141 299.9 | 2.84 | 3.13 | 1.91 | 2.16 | 14.12 | 16.35 |
|---|
| Greece | 3 843.8 | 0.81 | 1.18 | 0.27 | 0.57 | 8.68 | 10.82 |
|---|
| Hungary | 4 733.5 | 1.39 | 1.53 | 0.96 | 1.16 | 8.81 | 11.78 |
|---|
| Iceland | 415.8 | 1.70 | 2.04 | 0.95 | 1.31 | 14.80 | .. |
|---|
| Ireland | 4 100.1 | 1.57 | 1.00 | 1.13 | 0.71 | 14.68 | 15.65 |
|---|
| Israel | 17 669.9 | 4.10 | 4.94 | 3.45 | 4.36 | .. | .. |
|---|
| Italy | 36 892.8 | 1.30 | 1.43 | 0.71 | 0.90 | 9.77 | 13.30 |
|---|
| Japan | 171 293.6 | 3.31 | 3.28 | 2.52 | 2.60 | 13.16 | 13.18 |
|---|
| Korea | 98 451.3 | 3.95 | 4.53 | 3.10 | 3.64 | 15.52 | 18.08 |
|---|
| Latvia | 378.5 | 0.61 | 0.64 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 5.32 | 5.91 |
|---|
| Luxembourg | 860.0 | 1.30 | 1.21 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 12.28 | 12.45 |
|---|
| Mexico | 8 053.9 | 0.43 | 0.31 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 1.14 | .. |
|---|
| Netherlands | 21 463.1 | 1.93 | 2.16 | 1.07 | 1.45 | 13.70 | 17.09 |
|---|
| New Zealand | .. | 1.15 | .. | 0.54 | .. | 10.44 | .. |
|---|
| Norway | 7 405.8 | 1.65 | 2.06 | 0.87 | 1.06 | 14.25 | 16.61 |
|---|
| Poland | 14 622.0 | 0.87 | 1.21 | 0.38 | 0.80 | 5.40 | 9.44 |
|---|
| Portugal | 4 786.5 | 1.32 | 1.36 | 0.63 | 0.70 | 8.84 | 11.11 |
|---|
| Slovak Republic | 1 486.9 | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.38 | 0.45 | 6.32 | 7.40 |
|---|
| Slovenia | 1 567.9 | 2.56 | 1.95 | 1.96 | 1.45 | 15.11 | 15.18 |
|---|
| Spain | 23 552.9 | 1.28 | 1.24 | 0.68 | 0.70 | 8.77 | 9.90 |
|---|
| Sweden | 18 162.4 | 3.26 | 3.32 | 2.25 | 2.36 | 15.83 | 16.91 |
|---|
| Switzerland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
|---|
| Turkey | 23 966.3 | 0.82 | 1.03 | 0.39 | 0.63 | 4.00 | 5.34 |
|---|
| United Kingdom | 53 952.6 | 1.62 | 1.73 | 1.04 | 1.17 | 11.67 | 13.76 |
|---|
| United States | 581 553.0 | 2.71 | 2.83 | 1.92 | 2.05 | .. | .. |
|---|
| European Union (28) | 464 876.4 | 1.92 | 2.03 | 1.20 | 1.34 | 11.21 | 13.35 |
|---|
| European Union (15) | 426 690.7 | 2.06 | 2.17 | 1.31 | 1.44 | 12.43 | 14.51 |
|---|
| OECD - Total | 1 447 827.5 | 2.30 | 2.38 | 1.57 | 1.68 | .. | .. |
|---|
| Non-OECD Economies | | | | | | | |
|---|
| China | 468 062.3 | 2.00 | 2.14 | 1.53 | 1.66 | 4.46 | 5.44 |
|---|
| Russia | 41 505.1 | 1.03 | 0.98 | 0.62 | 0.55 | 10.95 | 9.97 |
|---|