Population and Housing Census, employment and education (discontinued), 2001

Definition of units

Person

The census comprises all persons considered resident in Norway (according to the CPR) on 3^rd November 2001. The Population Registration Act of 16^th January 1970 (with later amendments) and its provisions from 1994, define persons that are considered resident in Norway and where their address is to be. The total number of persons resident in a region is the population.

Couple

Two persons are considered a couple when they belong to the same household and are married to each other, are registered partners or cohabitants i.e., are living together without being married or without registering a partnership. To be considered cohabitants the couple must belong to the same household, and in addition have children in common or respond in the questionnaire that they are cohabiting. Married couples that are separated but registered as resident in the same dwelling are not considered cohabitants even when they have children in common.

Family

A family consists of persons resident in the same dwelling and related to each other as spouse, registered partner, cohabitant, and/or parent and children (regardless of the child's age). At most, a family may consist of two subsequent generations and one couple only. This means that persons that are married or cohabiting and/or have their own children, do not belong to their parents' family. Persons who no longer belong to their parents' family because they are married and/or have their own children will not ever be added to their parents' family again. For example when a married couple live together with their divorced son/daughter, they are considered as two families.

Single persons are also considered a family such that all persons comprise a family, either together with others or alone.

Please note that this definition is slightly different from the one that is used in the current statistics on families, because the basis for the data in the latter makes it impossible to identify cohabitants if they do not have children in common. These persons are therefore not considered as belonging to the same family.

Household

A household consists of persons that are permanently resident in the same dwelling (housing unit) or institution. Such a household is called a dwelling household. Census 2001 does not supply any information about housekeeping units i.e. persons living in the same dwelling with joint board.

A private household comprises persons resident in the same dwelling, where this dwelling is not an institution. An institutional household comprises persons who have board, lodging, care and nursing at an institution. Employees that are resident in an institution are always considered resident in a private household. Census 2001 does not provide any statistics for institutional households, however the number of persons not living in private households are given. This group is referred to as resident in other households and comprises persons resident in institutional households as well as persons of no fixed address.

In Census 2001, most statistics that are produced are based on legal residence (i.e. address according to the Central Population Register). However, information is also gathered on place of usual residence for students not living at home and for persons who live at old people's homes and nursing homes (corresponding information has not been gathered for persons living in other kinds of institutions).

The composition of households according to legal address is based on information given in the housing form and information on addresses retrieved from the CPR. Households may comprise one or more families. Persons belonging to the same family also belong to the same household. If persons who do not belong to the same family are to be considered a household, they have to be registered at the same CPR address and they need to have confirmed in the questionnaire that they live together. This means that unmarried students usually living away from home but registered at their parents' address are considered part of their parents' household. Only persons that are registered as resident at an institution are considered as belonging to a collective household. Many persons who live in institutions, for e.g., old people's homes and nursing homes, are registered as resident in a private dwelling (together with their spouse).

In composing households by place of usual residence, the place of study/institution address is used for these persons. This means that students are considered belonging to a household at the place of study (alone or with others according to the answer given in the questionnaire). For more information on usual address for students, see paragraph 4.2. Everyone permanently residing at an old people's home or nursing home is counted in institutional households, regardless of whether they have a spouse residing in a private household or not.

Dwelling

A dwelling is defined as one or more rooms that has been built or rebuilt for the purpose of being used as a round-the-year dwelling for one or more persons. It must be possible to have access to the room/rooms without having to go through another dwelling. Therefore, a dwelling is for e.g. a detached house, row house, an apartment in a twin house or block of flats, or a flat or bed-sitter.

A one-room flat in a private house is considered a dwelling as long as it has independent access. In a dwelling with bed-sitters every bed-sitter is considered a separate dwelling even though the kitchen and bathroom may be shared. Apartments and bed-sitters that are used by private households in hospitals, institutions, military quarters etc., are always considered independent dwellings.

Because the concept dwelling household is used, the number of dwellings is equivalent to the number of private households in the census. Most of the tables are of households by legal address. Here, information has only been gathered for dwellings where at least one person is registered resident. For tables on households by place of usual residence, dwellings inhabited by students have also been included even though there were no persons registered as residents of these dwellings.

Building

Building is not a separate unit in the collection of data or the statistics however the statistics include some variables that apply to the building in which the dwelling is located. Building is in this context defined as a permanent detached construction with one or more dwellings. A building must have a roof and enclosing walls.

Definition of the main variables

Characteristics of Persons - demography and place of residence

Age

Persons are grouped according to age on 31^st December 2001.

Actual marital status

This variable shows the status of persons: whether they are married, a registered partner, cohabiting or single. In the tables, married and registered partners are classified together.

Address of residence

Legal address

This is the address where the individual was registered as resident on 3^rd November 2001. The main rule in population registration is that persons are to be registered as resident at the address where they spend the majority of their daily night-rest. There are however some exceptions, the most important being that unmarried pupils and students are to be registered where they lived before moving to their place of study Refers to the rules and regulations for population registration in force until 1 November 2001). Moreover, married persons living at old people's homes and nursing homes are normally registered together with their spouse if he/she lives in a private dwelling. Married persons and persons sharing a household with their own children, are to be registered together with their spouse and/or children even though they might be weekly commuters, for e.g.

Some persons cannot be connected to a specific address. These might be persons living in a boat or caravan, living temporarily with friends and family or with no place to live. These persons are considered resident in the municipality where they had their last permanent address. In statistics by statistical units, statistical tracts and urban settlements, these persons are registered in the group unknown.

Usual address

During Census 2001, information was gathered on usual address at the place of study for students living away from home and institutional addresses for persons actually living at old people's homes and nursing homes. Similar information was not gathered for persons living at other institutions. For all other persons than those belonging to the aforementioned groups, usual address is the same as legal address. See also, Students - usual address.

Students - usual address

The aim of the housing census was to collect information on usual address and housing for every student and secondary school pupil aged 16 or above, presumed to be living away from their parents. Every person who had applied for a grant from the State Education Loan Fund (Statens lånekasse for utdanning) during the spring or autumn of 2001, received a student form. This applied to 139 261 persons. Not every person who had applied for a grant was registered as a student or pupil in Norway on census day (3^rd November 2001). This reduced the number to 103 886. Among these, 82 724 persons lived away from their parents. The census has information on dwellings for 78 771 of those who lived away from their parents. We do not have dwelling information for 3 953 pupils/students who did not return the forms. In statistics based on the student's usual address, these persons are included in the municipality of study.

Characteristics of Persons - immigrant background

Immigrant category

A distinction is made between persons with or without immigrant background. The following categories are used for persons of immigrant background.

• First-generation immigrants without Norwegian background
• Persons born in Norway with two foreign-born parents
• Adopted from a foreign country
• Born abroad with one Norwegian-born parent
• Norwegian born with one foreign-born parent
• Born abroad with Norwegian-born parents

First-generation immigrants without a Norwegian background are persons born abroad with two foreign-born parents. These are persons who immigrated to Norway at a specific point in time. Persons born in Norway with two foreign-born parents are themselves born in Norway, but both parents and all four grandparents are born abroad.

Persons of immigrant background

This group comprises first-generation immigrants without Norwegian background and persons born in Norway with two foreign-born parents. This group is named the immigrant population and forms the basis of the statistics being published here.

Country of birth

This variable refers to the country where one is born i.e., mother's country of residence at the time of birth.

Country background

For persons born abroad, country background (national background) refers to their own country of birth. For persons born in Norway, this is their parents' country of birth. If their mother and father's country of birth is not the same, the mother's country of birth is chosen. For persons of non-immigrant background, Norway is always their country background.

Persons of immigrant background are categorised by country background. Western countries refers to Scandinavia, Western Europe (excluding Turkey), North America and Oceania. Non-western countries refer to Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, South and Central America and Turkey.

Characteristics of Persons - education

Highest completed education - type of education

Information on highest completed education is given for all residents that are 16 years old or above as well as for 15-year olds who have completed compulsory school or are taking further education beyond compulsory school. Information on education refers to 1 October 2001. For persons with several completed educations, only the highest level is given.

Type of education is based on the Norwegian standard for the classification of education (NUS2000) and is a 6-digit code giving level, field of study, subject group, educational group and individual educational programme. The tables in Census 2001 mainly use the two first digits: level and field of study.

Level

The standard contains 8 levels. These are again grouped into four: below upper secondary education, upper secondary education, tertiary education, short (higher education 4 years ore shorter) and, tertiary education, long (more than 4 years).

Field of study

This variable gives the least detailed classification of the academic content of the educational activities. There are 9 codes (and unknown in addition). See Norwegian Standard for Classification of Education. Revised 2000 (NOS C617).

A so-called re-coded version is used in Census 2001, i.e., the previous seven-year primary school is placed at the same level as the current compulsory school education. There is also a non re-coded version that can be used for special assignments.

Pupil/student at time of census

This variable shows which persons are in education and comprises all pupils/students who have completed compulsory school. The information refers to 01.10.2001.

Pupils

This group comprises pupils at folk high schools and in upper secondary education. Persons on labour market courses are also included. Upper secondary education comprises pupils participating in education of at least 300 periods (teaching hours) per year, irrespective of whether the education is officially approved or receiving public funds. Apprentices are in Census 2001 not included in the group pupils.

Students

This group comprises persons in higher education, i.e., students at colleges and universities approved by the Ministry of Education and Research.

Complete data is available on pupils and students registered at educational institutions in Norway. Furthermore, there is information on students studying abroad and their country of study. In ordinary publishing, only pupils and students in Norway are included.

Type of school

In classifying type of school, the grouping of educational institutions established by the 1994 Standard Industrial Classification is used. The following classification is used:

• Folk high schools
• Upper secondary schools (including persons on labour market courses)
• Colleges (state, military and other colleges)
• Universities (universities and science colleges)

Municipality of school

This variable gives the municipality location for the school/institution of education for pupils and students. For military schools, municipality of the school is not given.

Characteristics of persons - employment in census week

Census week is 29^th October - 4^th November 2001.

Employed persons

In Statistics Norway's Labour Force Survey (LFS), employed persons are defined This definition is based on the recommendations given by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) for producing labour market statistics) as persons that performed work for pay or profit for at least one hour in the survey week, or who were temporarily absent from work because of sickness, holidays, paid leave etc. Conscripts are also classified as employed persons. Persons engaged by government measures to promote employment are also included if they receive wages paid from an employer.

In Census 2001 and in other register-based statistics, the objective is to use available data to produce a classification of employed persons that is as close as possible to this definition. The most important register for identifying employed persons is the Register of Employees, which holds information on duration of jobs and thus shows what jobs that were active during census week. The other main data sources, Register of Wage Sums and The Register for Personal Tax Payers, do not have information on duration of jobs. In these cases, information on wages and income from self-employment as well as supplementary information from other registers and statistical systems is used to classify persons as employed. This method gives a figure of employed persons total that agrees with the corresponding figure from LFS. Since the LFS comprises the age group of 16-74 years, only persons in this age group may be classified as employed.

For employed persons with several jobs in the reference week, one is selected as the main job. Information on place of work (establishment), working hours and status in employment also refers to the main job.

Status in employment

This variable distinguishes between salaried employees and self-employed and refers to the main job. Salaried employees also comprise joint-owners of limited companies. Self-employed are persons running a business establishment on their own account (alone or with others).

In Census 90 and LFS, a third group is also distinguished: family workers (family members with no fixed-salary in a family-owned enterprise). It is not possible to identify this group in register-based statistics.

Weekly working hours

For salaried employees, this refers to settled weekly working hours in the main job, i.e., the number of working hours per week determined by the employment contract. For self-employed persons, usual working hours is estimated on the basis of available register information.

Industry

Industry describes the type of production or activity at the work place (establishment). Industry is coded by the 1994 Standard Industrial Classification (NACE), see NOS C182.

Sector

This variable is based on the Institutional Sector Classification, which is a statistical standard based on international guidelines of the System of National Accounts given by the UN (SNA 93), see NOS C614. In the statistics, enterprises/legal units are grouped primarily by socio-economic function, but also by organisational form and ownership. In Census 2001 the following main groups are used: central government, local government, counties, local government, municipalities, and private sector and government enterprises. The latter group comprises financial and non-financial corporations, households, non-profit institutions serving households and employed persons with sector unspecified.

Number of employed persons in the establishment

The size of the establishment is measured by the number of persons employed in the establishment in census week. All employees are counted, including those who have their main job in another establishment.

Place of work

This variable shows the address of the establishment where the employed person works (main job). Most establishments have a precise location and it is therefore possible in principle, to give figures for small regions such as basic statistical units. The quality of data for distributing workplaces into small regions is uncertain. In Census 2001, publishing of workplaces is therefore at municipal/ urban district level.

Municipality of work

This variable specifies the municipality in which the establishment is located and follows from the location of the establishment. For employed persons for whom there is no information about municipality of work, or where the data available gives no information about the individual's workplace, municipality of residence is registered for municipality of work. This mainly applies to seamen and persons employed in military service, conscripts and some self-employed persons.

Commuting

In Census 2001, information was not gathered on work journeys; however, statistics comparing place of residence and place of work is produced. In the statistics, legal address of residence is used.

By comparing the individual's place of residence with place of work, the scope of work journeys or commuting between regions is deduced. The statistics is published at municipal level. For some persons, the location of the establishment may not be the same as the place of reporting for work. Commuting is not necessarily the same as daily work journeys. Some people might be weekly commuters, others might be part time employees and some are working wholly or partly at home.

In-commuters to a municipality refer to persons who have their place of work in the municipality but are resident in another municipality. Out-commuters refer to persons living in the municipality but with their place of work in another municipality.

Characteristics of persons - employment during census year

Census year is 1 January to 31 December 2001.

Persons employed 100 hours or more per year

In Census 2001, as in the annual labour market statistics, employment is primarily describes by current activity, i.e. the situation in a short reference period (week). To facilitate comparing with previous censuses, statistics is also produced on employment during the year (usual activity). In Census 1990 employed persons in the year was defined as persons performing work for pay or profit for at least 100 hours during the year. All jobs, not only the main job, were counted. Sick leaves, holidays, paid leave etc was included in the working hours.

In Census 2001 the objective is to use available data to produce a classification of employed persons in the year that is as close as possible to this definition. Using information on wage sums, duration of jobs and weekly working hours, working hours per year is computed for all jobs. For self-employed persons information on income and information on working hours from the LFS is used. Total working hours is then the sum for all jobs, however some adjustments are made for the number of jobs allowed at the same time for each person. Working hour per years is computed for the age group of 16-74 years only.

Persons employed 100 hours ore more per year are classified by using total working hours per year. For employed persons with several jobs during the year, one is selected as the main job. This is the job with the highest number of working hours. Information on place of work (establishment) and status in employment refers to the main job.

Working hours per year

Working hours per year is computed as described above. The precision in the computations is limited by the quality of input data. Therefore working hours per year is only given for intervals: 100-499 hours, 500-999 hours, 1000-1299 hours and 1300 hours or more. These intervals are the same as in the 1980 Census.

Other characteristics

The other characteristics given are similar to the ones published for the census week. The difference is that they are related to the main job in the year. The characteristics are Status in employment, Industry, Sector, Number of employed persons in the establishment and Place of work. These are describes in Characteristics of persons - employment in census week

Characteristics of couples and families

Type of couple

Couples are characterised by actual marital status (married or cohabiting) and the number of children. Please note that only children under 18 years belonging to the family of at least one of the parents are included. (See Number of children in the family).

Number of children in the family

All persons under the age of 18 that are registered resident in the family of at least one of their parents are considered children. Persons that are married or cohabiting and/or have their own children do not belong to their parents' family unit.

Characteristics of Households

Type of Household

In the section about the unit household (point 4.1) persons that are to be considered as belonging to the same household are defined. Type of household is defined according to the Standard of Classification of Families and Households. A distinction is made between one-family households and Households with two ore more-families. A distinction is also made between households with and without children. For the definition of child, see Number of children in the household.

One-family households are grouped as follows:

• Living alone (one-person family)
• Couples without children living at home
• Couples with young children (youngest child 0-5 years)
• Couples with older children (youngest child 6-17 years)
• Mothers/fathers with young children (youngest child 0-5 years)
• Mothers/fathers with older children (youngest child 6-17 years)
• One-family households with adult children (youngest child 18 years or above)

Two ore more-family households are grouped as follows:

• Households with children aged 0-17 years
• Households without children aged 0-17 years

Number of persons in the household

This variable is also named size of household.

Number of children in the household

Persons under the age of 18 who are registered as resident in the family of at least one parent are considered children. Persons who are married, cohabiting and/or have own children do not belong to their parents' family unit. Persons under the age of 18 who are registered as resident with other adults than their parents, for example foster children, are in this context not considered as children in the household.

The age of the oldest person in the household

This variable describes the household by the age of the oldest person in the household.

Age of the youngest child in the household

This variable describes the household by the age of the youngest child in the household. For the definition of child, please see Number of children in the household.

Number of cars available for the use of the household

This variable denotes the number of cars available for the use of the members of the household. For each individual the basis of calculation is the number of cars owned by (registered in the name of) the individual person. Persons who have a company car available for their use are considered as having one additional car. The number of cars is summed up for all persons in the household.

Note that in Census 2001, this variable is register based, whereas in Census 1990, it was based on information from questionnaires. The figures are therefore not directly comparable, see point 6.1.

Tenure status

This variable refers to the type of tenure status the household has with regard to the dwelling. Both owner-occupiers and owners through housing co-operative or limited companies are considered owners. Ownership of bonds in a bonds company is considered as renting of the dwelling. For households renting dwellings, type of tenure status is given (from private person, housing company, the municipality, government/company housing, etc.).

The household owns the dwelling if at least one member of the household is registered as owner of the dwelling.

After-tax income

The data refer to the year 2001.

After-tax income is the sum of earned income (wages, salaries and net entrepreneurial income), property income and transfers (taxable and tax-free transfers), less assessed taxes and negative transfers. Data is first compiled for every member of the household and then aggregated to the total income for the household.

Characteristics of Dwellings and Buildings

Number of occupants in the dwelling

This variable refers to the number of persons registered resident in the dwelling on census day. Legal address is the basis for counting the number of occupants per dwelling/ household unless otherwise stated. The number of occupants in the dwelling is the same as the number of persons in the household.

Note that according to this definition, the number of occupants in a region only comprises persons living in private dwellings/households. This figure is slightly lower than the total population in the region, which also comprises persons not living in private households (institutional households, etc.)

Utility floor space

Utility floor space is a standard of measure referring to the area within the enclosing walls of the dwelling. All types of rooms (also storage rooms) are included. Area consisting of a bed-sitter or flatlet that is rented out, rooms that can only be accessed by going out of the dwelling and lofts that are accessed by ladder are not included. Utility floor space is not directly comparable with useful floor space, which has been used in previous censuses, see paragraph 6.1

Number of rooms

Number of rooms refers to living rooms of 6 square meters or more that can be used all year round. Kitchen, bathroom, WC, utility room, corridors and such are not included. Rooms that are only used for business purposes are not included either.

Kitchen

The kitchen is the part of the dwelling where cooking equipment is installed. The kitchen could be a separate room, however open kitchens are also considered kitchens. If several dwellings have a joint kitchen, for e.g. bed-sitters in a building of flatlets, all the dwellings are considered as being without a kitchen. There is information on whether such dwellings have access to a joint kitchen.

Number of bathrooms

Bathroom refers to rooms where a bathtub and/or shower is installed

Number of water closets

This variable refers to the number of water closets that are actually within the dwelling. Water closets outside the dwelling shared by several dwellings are not included.

Accessibility for a wheelchair user

Can get into the dwelling without help

For a wheelchair user to be able to enter the dwelling without help, certain requirements should be met. Among others, there should not be stairs hindering entrance into the dwelling and the front door should be at least 80 cm wide.

Can use all important rooms in the dwelling

This variable shows whether a wheelchair user can use the bathroom, toilet, at least one bedroom, kitchen and living room in the dwelling without help. This is assessed irrespective of whether the person concerned needs help to get into the dwelling, or whether he/she can enter without help.

Systems for heating

This variable gives the type of heater or systems for heating that exist in the dwelling, irrespective of whether of these are actually in use. In the statistics, dwellings are also classified by combinations of heating systems.

Sources of energy used for heating

This variable refers to the sources of heating that are used to heat the dwelling.

Garage/carport/parking space

This variable shows whether the dwelling has its own garage/carport and/or parking space. If occupants rent a garage/carport/parking space that does not belong to the dwelling, it is not included.

Garden

This variable gives information on whether the dwelling has access to its own garden or has a joint garden with neighbours.

Balcony/veranda/terrace

This variable gives information on whether the dwelling has a balcony, veranda or terrace.

Type of building

This variable shows the type of building in which the dwelling is located. The following categories are used:

• Detached house or farmhouse
• Linked houses, row house, terraced house or vertically divided two-dwelling building
• Horizontally divided two-dwelling building or other house with less than three floors
• Block of flats or other building with three or more floors
• Commercial building, residential building for communities or similar

Small houses is a joint term referring to groups 2 and 3 above.

This source for this variable is the GAB-register, and it is therefore not directly comparable with the corresponding variables from Census 90 in which information was gathered from questionnaires, see 6.1

Year of construction

Year of construction is the year the building was ready to be occupied. In buildings with several dwellings where occupation was gradual, year of construction is the year in which at least half of the dwellings in the building were ready to be occupied. For reconstructed houses, the original year of construction is given.

Number of floors

This variable gives the total number of floors in the building in which the dwelling is located, irrespective of the floor where the dwelling is located. Basement or lower ground floor is not included even if it is wholly or partially furnished for living. Loft is only included if it is furnished for living.

Lift

This variable provides information on whether a lift has been installed in the building. Lift here means passenger lift, not hoist or stairway elevator installed in a detached house.

Geographical characteristics

Region

Region is a level between counties and the whole country. The regions consist of a whole number of counties. Norway is divided into 7 regions: Oslo and Akershus, Hedmark and Oppland, South Eastern Norway, Agder and Rogaland, Western Norway, Trøndelag and Northern Norway. The first three mentioned here are also referred to as Eastern Norway.

County

The county distribution as at 1 January 2002 is used.

Economic region

The division into economic regions is a regional division between the county and municipal level. This division supersedes Statistics Norway's grouping of trade districts and forecast regions. The country is divided into 89 economic regions. The name economic region is used because the criteria for demarcating regions are related to the region's economic conditions (labour market, retail trade). For more information, see Standard for Economic Regions (NOS C616). The grouping used in Census 2001 has been revised in accordance with the county-municipal division as at 1 January 2002.

Municipality

The municipality distribution as at 1 January 2002 is used. Våle and Ramnes municipalities of Vestfold were joined on 1 January 2002, and named Re municipality. Ølen municipality was moved from Hordaland county to the county of Rogaland.

Urban district

Urban districts constitute geographic areas in an urban municipality. Administrative and political urban districts are geographic areas with a local administration, separate administration and political government. In official Norwegian statistics, the term urban district is related to the four largest urban municipalities: Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim and Stavanger. The urban districts are made up of whole basic units, but not always of whole statistical tracts.

Statistical tract

Statistical tract is an intermediate level between municipalities and basic units. A statistical tract is a collection of a whole number of basic units, and a municipality constitutes a whole number of statistical tracts. There are approximately 1550 statistical tracts.

Basic unit

The purpose of dividing municipalities into basic units is to organise small and stable geographic units that are suitable for the presentation of regional statistics. Basic units are organised so as to be stable over a reasonable time period and are to constitute a contiguous geographic area. Their demarcation is not connected to the demarcation of urban settlements. A basic unit may therefore contain both dense and sparse populated areas. Basic units are not required to coincide with parish, school or constituency boundaries. There are approximately 13 700 basic units.

Centrality

Centrality is a measure of a municipality's geographical position seen in relation to a centre where a higher order of functions (central functions) is found. Central functions are found mainly in urban settlements. Urban settlements are divided into three levels according to size of population. Municipalities are divided into seven groups of centrality; see Standard Classification of Municipalities 1994 (NOS C192). In the tables the following classification is used:

• Central municipalities (Code 3): Consists of an urban settlement at level 3 or is located within 75 minutes' (in the case of Oslo: 90 minutes') travelling time from the centre of such an urban settlement
• Fairly central municipalities (Code 2): Consists of an urban settlement at level 2 or is located within 60 minutes' travelling time from the centre of such an urban settlement. Does not meet the requirements for code 3
• Fairly remote municipalities (Code 1): Consists of an urban settlement at level 1 or is located within 45 minutes' travelling time from the centre of such an urban settlement. Does not meet the requirements for code 2
• Remote municipalities (Code 0): Has none of the qualified urban settlements and is not located within 45 minutes' travelling time from any of these urban settlements

Not relevant