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2021-03-05T08:00:00.000Z
National accounts and business cycles;Transport and tourism
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turismesat, Tourism satellite accounts, tourism consumption, tourism by activity (for example hotels and restaurants, travel agencies, car rental), foreign tourists, Norwegian tourists, business trips, travel agency services, employees, gross investments, gross productTourism , National accounts , National accounts and business cycles, Transport and tourism
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Tourism satellite accounts

Updated

Next update

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Key figures

7.1 %

are working in tourism

Tourism satellite accounts
2017201820191
1Preliminary figures
Total tourism consumption in Norway. NOK million176 306186 288193 899
Non-residents' share of total tourism consumption in Norway. Per cent29.829.730.6
Annual volume change in total tourism consumption. Per cent2.23.80.9
Resident households' tourism consumption in Norway as share of households' final consumption expenditure. Per cent7.17.37.2
Value added in the tourism industries as share of GDP Mainland Norway. Per cent4.34.14.2
Annual volume change in value added in the tourism industries.Per cent1.41.52.8
Employment in the tourism industries' share of total employment in Mainland Norway. Man year, full time equivalents, employees and self-employed. Per cent7.17.17.1

See selected tables from this statistics

Table 1 
Total tourism consumption in Norway, by product (NOK million)

Total tourism consumption in Norway, by product (NOK million)1
20152016201720182019
1Includes tourism consumption in Norway by resident households, resident industries and non-residents.
01 Total tourism consumption of tourism products103 202109 866114 247120 195125 763
01.01 Accommodation services15 87117 17918 16618 85020 202
01.02 Food and beverage serving services20 45021 81722 92124 58725 849
01.03 Rail transport services2 9363 1943 4023 6093 632
01.04 Road transport services4 6574 9414 9905 2805 293
01.05 Water transport services8 5019 0479 62010 41411 407
01.06 Air transport services27 83229 95130 21231 41933 214
01.07 Transport equipment rental services625664687727755
01.08 Travel agency and tour operator reservation services18 11618 58519 58220 20120 089
01.09 Cultural services1 8441 9402 0172 1592 286
01.10 Sports and recreational services2 3702 5482 6502 9493 037
02 Total tourism consumption of other products55 46760 13662 05966 09368 136
0 Total consumption expenditures by tourists158 669170 002176 306186 288193 899

Table 2 
Tourism consumption in Norway by non-residents, by product (NOK million)

Tourism consumption in Norway by non-residents, by product (NOK million)
20152016201720182019
01 Total tourism consumption of tourism products25 15727 68429 23231 03933 592
01.01 Accommodation services6 8587 7668 2298 5819 361
01.02 Food and beverage serving services7 1537 7918 3918 8399 505
01.03 Rail transport services649714774829830
01.04 Road transport services617690717749759
01.05 Water transport services2 5572 7132 9303 1523 501
01.06 Air transport services5 4615 9576 0076 4846 995
01.07 Transport equipment rental services267290305320355
01.08 Travel agency and tour operator reservation services305360390410477
01.09 Cultural services554597636710746
01.10 Sports and recreational services7368068539651 062
02 Total tourism consumption of other products20 25022 51723 33224 25125 785
0 Total consumption expenditures by tourists45 40750 20152 56455 29059 377

Table 3 
Tourism consumption in Norway by resident households, by product (NOK million)

Tourism consumption in Norway by resident households, by product (NOK million)
20152016201720182019
01 Total tourism consumption of tourism products54 88457 84460 15863 42364 875
01.01 Accommodation services5 5485 7125 8266 0426 358
01.02 Food and beverage serving services8 2628 7258 9439 84910 085
01.03 Rail transport services1 5211 6901 8001 9061 924
01.04 Road transport services2 9163 0903 1803 4103 390
01.05 Water transport services4 4674 7705 1305 5476 097
01.06 Air transport services12 60713 72714 07114 65615 185
01.07 Transport equipment rental services220228231248228
01.08 Travel agency and tour operator reservation services16 41916 81717 79918 33118 093
01.09 Cultural services1 2901 3431 3811 4491 540
01.10 Sports and recreational services1 6341 7421 7971 9851 975
02 Total tourism consumption of other products35 21737 61938 72741 84242 351
0 Total consumption expenditures by tourists90 10195 46398 885105 265107 226
 
Memo
Final consumption expenditure of households1 281 7161 336 3111 392 6351 446 5351 497 604
Tourism consumption' share of final consumption exp. of households. Per cent7.07.17.17.37.2

Table 4 
Tourism consumption in Norway by resident industries, by product (NOK million)

Tourism consumption in Norway by resident industries, by product (NOK million)
20152016201720182019
01 Total tourism consumption of tourism products23 16124 33824 85725 73327 296
01.01 Accommodation services3 4653 7014 1114 2274 483
01.02 Food and beverage serving services5 0355 3015 5875 8996 259
01.03 Rail transport services766790828874878
01.04 Road transport services1 1241 1611 0931 1201 144
01.05 Water transport services1 4771 5641 5601 7151 809
01.06 Air transport services9 76410 26710 13410 27911 034
01.07 Transport equipment rental services138146151159172
01.08 Travel agency and tour operator reservation services1 3921 4081 3931 4601 518
01.09 Cultural services----0
01.10 Sports and recreational services----0
02 Total tourism consumption of other products----0
0 Total consumption expenditures by tourists23 16124 33824 85725 73327 296

Table 5 
Total tourism consumption in Norway, by product. Annual volume change, per cent

Total tourism consumption in Norway, by product. Annual volume change, per cent1
2016201720182019
1Includes tourism consumption in Norway by resident households, resident industries and non-residents.
01 Total tourism consumption of tourism products2.12.53.60.9
01.01 Accommodation services5.60.63.47.8
01.02 Food and beverage serving services3.22.54.32.0
01.03 Rail transport services6.18.22.6-5.1
01.04 Road transport services1.4-1.93.9-2.6
01.05 Water transport services1.91.42.86.7
01.06 Air transport services2.45.46.3-0.8
01.07 Transport equipment rental services1.70.5-1.9-1.0
01.08 Travel agency and tour operator reservation services-2.81.1-1.3-5.1
01.09 Cultural services-1.61.32.51.8
01.10 Sports and recreational services3.4-0.58.6-1.0
02 Total tourism consumption of other products5.51.74.30.9
0 Total consumption expenditures by tourists3.32.23.80.9

Table 6 
Tourism consumption in Norway by non-residents, by product. Annual volume change, per cent

Tourism consumption in Norway by non-residents, by product. Annual volume change, per cent
2016201720182019
01 Total tourism consumption of tourism products7.23.35.05.2
01.01 Accommodation services10.60.83.49.7
01.02 Food and beverage serving services5.34.52.54.3
01.03 Rail transport services6.910.03.2-5.5
01.04 Road transport services6.40.82.2-1.5
01.05 Water transport services1.73.12.58.2
01.06 Air transport services9.15.212.21.2
01.07 Transport equipment rental services3.51.8-4.25.9
01.08 Travel agency and tour operator reservation services7.71.7-0.211.0
01.09 Cultural services1.43.76.81.0
01.10 Sports and recreational services5.41.310.45.8
02 Total tourism consumption of other products8.22.11.84.0
0 Total consumption expenditures by tourists7.72.83.64.7

Table 7 
Tourism consumption in Norway by resident households, by product. Annual volume change, per cent

Tourism consumption in Norway by resident households, by product. Annual volume change, per cent
2016201720182019
01 Total tourism consumption of tourism products-0.12.13.2-1.7
01.01 Accommodation services0.5-2.92.95.8
01.02 Food and beverage serving services2.1-0.67.1-0.6
01.03 Rail transport services7.88.22.0-4.8
01.04 Road transport services0.6-0.24.8-3.4
01.05 Water transport services2.52.22.27.1
01.06 Air transport services-0.27.77.2-2.8
01.07 Transport equipment rental services-1.1-1.9-2.0-12.5
01.08 Travel agency and tour operator reservation services-2.91.0-1.9-5.9
01.09 Cultural services-2.90.20.52.2
01.10 Sports and recreational services2.6-1.37.8-4.3
02 Total tourism consumption of other products4.01.45.8-1.0
0 Total consumption expenditures by tourists1.51.84.2-1.4

Table 8 
Tourism consumption in Norway by resident industries, by product. Annual volume change, per cent

Tourism consumption in Norway by resident industries, by product. Annual volume change, per cent
2016201720182019
01 Total tourism consumption of tourism products1.82.62.82.0
01.01 Accommodation services4.05.73.86.6
01.02 Food and beverage serving services2.04.72.62.9
01.03 Rail transport services1.96.43.6-5.3
01.04 Road transport services0.8-8.12.2-0.7
01.05 Water transport services0.4-3.85.32.7
01.06 Air transport services1.92.51.50.7
01.07 Transport equipment rental services2.72.02.63.1
01.08 Travel agency and tour operator reservation services-3.92.06.4-0.8
01.09 Cultural services....
01.10 Sports and recreational services....
02 Total tourism consumption of other products....
0 Total consumption expenditures by tourists1.82.62.82.0

Table 9 
Output in tourism industries at basic prices (NOK million)

Output in tourism industries at basic prices (NOK million)
2016201720182019
Accommodation services29 43131 04132 03334 330
Food and beverage service activities58 17261 19362 90466 650
Rail transport6 7847 3387 7328 162
Road transport28 43729 33830 81432 697
Water transport20 77822 01022 86024 500
Air transport34 15440 49344 54947 094
Rental and leasing activities43 82642 47445 11046 824
Travel agency and tour operator reservation services19 20519 99820 68020 565
Cultural activities25 28625 95926 83528 692
Sport and other recreation activities12 67613 71314 29315 367
 
TOURISM INDUSTRIES IN TOTAL278 749293 557307 810324 880
Mainland Norway4 633 8504 829 5195 123 8215 400 764
Tourism industries' share of total output, Mainland Norway. Per cent6.06.16.06.0
 
Total industry5 180 0905 465 3735 898 7456 059 526
Tourism industries' share of total output. Per cent5.45.45.25.4

Table 10 
Output in tourism industries at basic prices. Annual volume change, per cent

Output in tourism industries at basic prices. Annual volume change, per cent
201720182019
Accommodation services1.32.65.0
Food and beverage service activities1.8-0.23.8
Rail transport8.93.44.3
Road transport0.34.24.9
Water transport2.20.91.5
Air transport19.611.5-0.7
Rental and leasing activities-2.33.6-0.1
Travel agency and tour operator reservation services-0.4-0.9-4.3
Cultural activities0.21.24.0
Sport and other recreation activities4.32.23.4
 
TOURISM INDUSTRIES IN TOTAL3.13.12.1
Mainland Norway2.12.62.6

Table 11 
Value added in tourism industries at basic prices (NOK million)

Value added in tourism industries at basic prices (NOK million)
2016201720182019
Accommodation services12 53913 16813 22914 230
Food and beverage service activities28 70830 33931 11132 646
Rail transport2 4551 3441 5841 646
Road transport17 26917 59218 63819 461
Water transport6 9327 3176 8457 449
Air transport8 9588 5493 6197 030
Rental and leasing activities17 82918 72421 09121 898
Travel agency and tour operator reservation services3 2873 3783 3083 327
Cultural activities13 34913 81513 58714 348
Sport and other recreation activities6 4657 0367 3197 931
 
TOURISM INDUSTRIES IN TOTAL117 792121 262120 331129 966
Gross domestic product Mainland Norway, market values2 691 6042 792 0342 935 3783 068 407
Tourism industries' share of GDP Mainland Norway. Per cent4.44.34.14.2
 
Gross domestic product, market values3 098 1483 295 3823 553 9003 568 488
Tourism industries' share of GDP. Per cent3.83.73.43.6

Table 12 
Value added in tourism industries at basic prices. Annual volume change, per cent

Value added in tourism industries at basic prices. Annual volume change, per cent
201720182019
Accommodation services-1.74.36.4
Food and beverage service activities1.20.73.8
Rail transport-39.825.84.4
Road transport0.29.24.6
Water transport-0.1-7.9-0.7
Air transport11.0-25.6-1.1
Rental and leasing activities9.010.1-0.2
Travel agency and tour operator reservation services-6.71.3-8.8
Cultural activities-0.1-2.52.4
Sport and other recreation activities2.53.33.4
 
TOURISM INDUSTRIES IN TOTAL1.41.52.8
Gross domestic product Mainland Norway, market values2.02.22.3

Table 13 
Gross fixed capital formation in tourism industries (NOK million)

Gross fixed capital formation in tourism industries (NOK million)
2016201720182019
Accommodation services1 2761 7121 987...
Food and beverage service activities1 2851 5281 439...
Rail transport-6 451-2281 678...
Road transport1 7241 3961 546...
Water transport1 3163 5393 742...
Air transport1 4016991 075...
Rental and leasing activities16 2877 4239 708...
Travel agency and tour operator reservation services411284271...
Cultural activities1 6501 7221 640...
Sport and other recreation activities701 4141 694...
 
TOURISM INDUSTRIES IN TOTAL18 96919 48924 780...
Mainland Norway603 186658 612688 909
Tourism industries' share of gross fixed capital formation, Mainland Norway. Per cent3.13.03.6
 
Total industry780 832809 386850 304
Gross fixed capital formation in tourism industries. NOK million2.42.42.9

Table 14 
Gross fixed capital formation in tourism industries. Annual volume change, per cent

Gross fixed capital formation in tourism industries. Annual volume change, per cent
201720182019
Accommodation services30.913.2...
Food and beverage service activities16.2-7.4...
Rail transport-96.9802.1...
Road transport-19.79.2...
Water transport164.91.6...
Air transport-51.952.3...
Rental and leasing activities-54.227.1...
Travel agency and tour operator reservation services-32.7-6.6...
Cultural activities284.0-5.3...
Sport and other recreation activities1 814.516.4...
 
TOURISM INDUSTRIES IN TOTAL26.123.7...
Mainland Norway6.81.5

Table 15 
Employment in tourism industries. Man-year, Full-time equivalents (1 000), employees and self-employed

Employment in tourism industries. Man-year, Full-time equivalents (1 000), employees and self-employed
2016201720182019
Accommodation services22.222.522.723.2
Food and beverage service activities45.547.148.249.2
Rail transport4.03.73.63.7
Road transport29.329.229.429.8
Water transport11.111.211.211.2
Air transport6.05.96.26.4
Rental and leasing activities7.17.07.27.4
Travel agency and tour operator reservation services5.25.25.45.6
Cultural activities23.824.625.325.9
Sport and other recreation activities8.48.68.68.9
 
TOURISM INDUSTRIES IN TOTAL162.6165.1167.9171.2
Mainland Norway2 299.82 326.62 365.52 410.1
Tourism industries' share of total employment in Mainland Norway. Per cent7.17.17.17.1
 
Total industry2 345.62 370.92 409.72 454.8
Tourism industries' share of total employment. Per cent6.97.07.07.0

Table 16 
Output of tourism characteristic products at basic prices (NOK million)

Output of tourism characteristic products at basic prices (NOK million)
2016201720182019
Accommodation services16 19217 25917 794...
Food and beverage serving services58 51362 41462 732...
Rail transport5 0925 4085 632...
Road transport25 35726 02927 213...
Water transport13 16313 78614 092...
Air transport26 36028 19829 868...
Transport equipment rental services6 0476 4807 024...
Travel agency and tour operator reservation activities19 05919 78320 498...
Cultural services15 82316 21516 719...
Sports and recreational services7 1387 7248 105...
 
TOTAL OUTPUT OF TOURISM PRODUCTS192 744203 296209 677...
Mainland Norway4 633 8504 829 5195 123 821
Characteristic products output's share of total output, Mainland Norway. Per cent4.24.24.1...
 
Total industry5 180 0905 465 3735 898 745
Characteristic products output's share of total output. Per cent3.73.73.6...

Table 17 
Output of tourism characteristic products at basic prices. Annual volume change, per cent

Output of tourism characteristic products at basic prices. Annual volume change, per cent
201720182019
Accommodation services1.44.1...
Food and beverage serving services3.5-2.2...
Rail transport7.82.1...
Road transport-0.24.1...
Water transport-0.9-1.4...
Air transport11.38.4...
Transport equipment rental services5.911.8...
Travel agency and tour operator reservation activities-0.7-0.7...
Cultural services-0.6-0.6...
Sports and recreational services4.03.1...
 
TOTAL OUTPUT OF TOURISM PRODUCTS3.01.7...
Mainland Norway2.12.6

About the statistics

The Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA) measure the impact of tourism for the Norwegian economy from different angles. The TSA show how much is produced in typical tourism industries and of products that tourists spend a lot on. The TSA also show how much Norwegian and foreign tourists spend in Norway.

Definitions

Definitions of the main concepts and variables

All the concepts regarding tourism are defined in the International recommendations for tourism statistics (UN and UNWTO, 2010) and the 2008 Tourism Satellite Accounts: Recommended Methodological Framework" (OECD, Eurostat, UNWTO and UN, 2008). Some of the key definitions are as follows:

Visitors are people travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment, for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business or other purposes. Overnight visitors are called tourists. Same-day visitors will usually be treated as short-time tourists. In relation to TSA, the term tourist is therefore used instead of the term visitor. Travellers other than tourists may be people travelling to or from work, to visit friends or relatives who live in the same area, to do shopping etc. Some categories of travellers like refugees, migrants and seasonal workers are excluded from the tourist concept.

Tourism consumption is defined as the total consumption expenditures made by a visitor, or on behalf of a visitor, before and during his/her trip and stay at a destination. Total tourism consumption in the Norwegian TSA includes all non-residents’ expenditures in Norway and residents’ expenditures on journeys in Norway. To some extent, residents travelling abroad may increase the tourism expenditures in Norway and therefore contribute to increased income for the Norwegian economy. This is the case when for instance residents on their way to a foreign country travel by air with an aircraft operated by a Norwegian company or buy a package tour to a foreign country through a resident tour operator.

Products that are typical or principal products of the activities defined as tourist-related are classified as products characteristic for tourism industries tourism products in short).

Characteristic tourism industries are identified on the basis of their dependence on and/or importance for tourism. The industries defined as tourism industries in the Norwegian tourism satellite account and their link to the Standard Industrial Classification (SN2007) is given below.

Industries classified as tourism industries in the TSA

* Standard Industrial Classification 2007.

Industry Code in SN2007*
Accommodation services 55
Food and beverage service activities 56
Rail transport 49.1+49.2
Road transport 49.3
Water transport 50.1, 50.202, 50.203, 50.3, 50.4
Air transport 51
Rental and leasing activities 77
Travel agency and tour operator reservation services 79
Cultural activities 90 + 91
Sport and other recreation activities 93

 

Tourism products are defined as goods and services that are characteristic for the tourism industries and that are in particular relevant in a tourism context, like hotel services and passenger transport services. The list of characteristic tourism products in the Norwegian National Accounts follows below.

 

 
Product code Product specification
491000 Passenger rail transport services
493200 Taxi operation services
493900 Scheduled passenger land transport services
493930 Non-scheduled passenger land transport services
501010 Sea and coastal passenger water transport services
503010 Inland passenger water transport services
511010 Passenger air transport services
551000 Hotel and similar accommodation services
553000 Camping ground and chalet services
561010 Restaurant services
561020 Mobile food serving services
563000 Beverage serving services
771100 Rental and leasing services of cars and light motor vehicles
772000 Rental and leasing services of recreational and sports goods
791100 Travel agency services
791200 Tour operator services
799000 Other reservation services and related services
900100, 900102, 900103, 900104, 900105 Creative, arts and entertainment services
900200 Support services to performing arts
910000, 910202, 910203, 910204, 910205 Library, archive, museum and other cultural services
931100 Sports facility operation services
931900 Other sporting services
932100 Amusement park and theme park services
932900 Other recreational services n.e.c.

 

See Concepts and definitions for definitions and explanations of concepts and variables used in the national accounts.

Standard classifications

The most important classifications regarding the TSA are pointed out in the TSA manual (OECD, Eurostat, UNWTO and UN, 2008). It also includes lists of characteristic tourism products and characteristic tourism industries.

The standards for the grouping of industries, products, consumption and gross fixed capital formation are the same as for the national accounts. See " About the statistics " for the annual national accounts.

Administrative information

Name and topic

Name: Tourism satellite accounts
Topic: National accounts and business cycles

Responsible division

Division for National Accounts

Regional level

National level

Parts of the Tourism satellite accounts (TSA) are published on a region level for some years. Regional figures for output, value added and employment in the tourism industries are then published. For the years 2007 and 1997 tourism consumption was also computed and disseminated by region.

Frequency and timeliness

Annual. Normally in year t, with final figures for the year t-3 and updated preliminary figures for the years t-2.

International reporting

Eurostat, OECD and the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).

Microdata

Not relevant

Background

Background and purpose

The national accounts (NA) statistics are designed to provide a consistent and comprehensive survey of the overall national economy. However, within the standardised concepts and classification standards in the national accounts, there are some economic transactions that cannot easily be recognised. This is the case for transactions related to tourism. A Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA) is an account based on, and consistent with, the national accounts, which have been especially established for the purpose of throwing light on transactions related to tourism.

The economic effect related to people travelling cannot be analysed by studying one single industry or one single group of goods and services. The increased use of goods and services generated by the fact that people travel for the purpose of leisure, business or other purposes is directed at a broad range of goods and services. Measuring the economic effect related to tourism, what should be included? This question has been discussed over a long period of time, both nationally and internationally. Some studies on impacts of tourism have been restricted to measuring effects for hotels and other accommodation establishments, while other studies have included almost all kinds of effects, including significant parts of households' consumption of automobiles and gross fixed capital formation in industries supplying tourism industries with goods and services.

Ideas and plans at an international level related to the development of an international framework for a TSA, started in the 1980s. In 1991, OECD published a manual for an economic account for tourism (TEA), based on national accounts (OECD, 1991). The recommended setting up of the accounts in this manual did not give a complete harmonised TSA consistent with the national accounts, but the TEA was a solid stepping-stone for later work with an international framework for a TSA. In 1993, the United Nations Statistical Commission (UN) adapted recommendations regarding definitions of tourism and tourism statistics (UN and World Tourism Organization - UNWTO, 1993). Thereafter the OECD and UNWTO worked in parallel to establish an international framework for a TSA, based on the updated international framework for national accounts in the SNA93. UNWTO published the final version of a manual for a TSA in 1999 (UNWTO, 1999), while OECD published their version immediately afterwards (OECD, 2000). However, the member countries in these organisations demanded a common manual, and in 2001, the international organisations UNWTO, OECD, EU and UN published a common international manual: ' Tourism Satellite Accounts: Recommended Methodological Framework' (OECD; EU, UNWTO and UN, 2001).

The starting point of this manual is that the economic effect of tourism must be related to the increased demand of goods and services created by tourism. The manual defines what kind of travel should be recorded as tourism, defines limits for what kind of demand should be recorded as tourism consumption and/or tourism demand, and how the economic effects of tourism should be measured and presented.

When the work related to establishing a TSA for Norway started, it was only the version of the OECD manual for a TEA that was available, in addition to the international definitions regarding tourism and recommendations for tourism statistics in UN and UNWTO (1993) . Norway implemented the new international guidelines SNA93 in the Norwegian national accounts very early in relation to most other countries, and had the revised national accounts adapted to the SNA93 guidelines as a basis for the work related to establishing a TSA for Norway. In addition, Norway contributed actively in the international work to establish an international framework for a TSA. The Norwegian TSA is therefore, aligned with the later adopted international manuals for a TSA.

Users and applications

Figures from the Norwegian TSA are used by the Norwegian Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries and other public and private bodies, as well as individuals analysing economic structures or the development of tourism.

Since the Norwegian TSA is based on international recommendations and guidelines, it is also possible to do make comparisons between countries. The Norwegian TSA figures are also used by international organisations like the EU, OECD and World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), and may also be of interest to tourist authorities etc. in other countries.

Equal treatment of users

No external users have access to the statistics and analyses before they are published and accessible simultaneously for all users on ssb.no at 08.00 am. Prior to this, a minimum of three months' advance notice is given in the Statistics Release Calendar. This is one of Statistics Norway’s key principles for ensuring that all users are treated equally.

Coherence with other statistics

The TSA is an integrated part of the annual national accounts , and published TSA figures are therefore consistent with national accounts figures. Further, the TSA figures are also consistent with other accounts which are consistent with the national accounts: the quarterly national accounts (QNA), the Norwegian Balance of Payments (BoP), the institutional sector accounts and other established satellite accounts (health, environment, regional accounts ).

When comparing figures from the TSA (for example figures for tourism industries) with other parts of the economy as given in the ordinary national accounts (for example other industries), it is important to remember that tourism-related figures are integrated in the ordinary classifications in the national accounts.

Legal authority

Not relevant

EEA reference

Not relevant

Production

Population

The scope of the national accounts is defined by the international guidelines The System of National Accounts (SNA 2008) and The European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA2010). The national accounts consist of two main sets of tables; the supply and use tables (SUT), also described as the real accounts, and the institutional sector accounts. The real accounts are based on local kind-of-activity units, while the institutional sector accounts are based on institutional units. The TSA is based on the annual SUT (the real accounts). See also " about the statistics " for the annual national accounts for further information.

Definitions regarding tourism are given in the International recommendations for tourism statistics 2008 by the UN and UNWTO (2010) . The structures for the TSA, including concepts regarding tourism supply and demand, are given in the 2008 Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework (TSA: RMF 2008) (OECD; Eurostat, UNWTO and UN, 2008).

The demand side comprises figures for internal tourism consumption expenditures in Norway, i.e. both domestic tourism consumption (by residents in Norway) and inbound tourism (by non-residents in Norway). The consumption expenditures are divided into expenditures for different goods and services. We further distinguish between tourism consumption by resident households, consumption expenditures by non-residents and resident industries' outlays due to business travel.

Tourism consumption by resident households, is a part of the households' total consumption expenditures, while non-residents' expenditures in Norway form a part of Norway's export revenues. Expenditures on business travel by resident industries are a part of the industries' intermediate consumption. Households' consumption and export contribute directly to the gross domestic product (GDP), while intermediate consumption is subtracted from the output when calculating the value of various industries, and subsequently the GDP.

The supply side in the Norwegian TSA shows the supply of different characteristic tourism products, as well as output, value added, gross fixed capital formation and employment in characteristic tourism industries. The identification of characteristic tourism industries and characteristic tourism products, respectively, follows international standards.

Data sources and sampling

The calculation of the annual national accounts is based on statistics from several different sources, such as the Structural Business Statistics for manufacturing and other industries, accounting statistics for general government and enterprises, statistics for wages and earnings, external trade statistics, household consumer surveys and labour statistics. Since the TSA is structured as a satellite to the national accounts, this means that the calculation of TSA figures is based on all the information used to establish the national accounts figures. The TSA is also, with its connection to the annual national accounts, a part of a system that secures a balance between the supply and use of all detailed products and for the total economy.

All figures for tourism are included in the ordinary national accounts figures; however the figures are not presented in such a way that they can shed light on tourism. For some parts of the economy it is necessary to break down the national accounts figures into more detailed specifications. To do these calculations all kinds of available data sources are used, as well as some sources that are not used in the ordinary national accounts. For example, surveys of tourists' expenditures are used as a main source to calculate tourism consumption.

Some parts of the national accounts are constructed more or less directly from other statistics, while other parts are based on calculations and estimates. This is also the case with the figures in the TSA.

Likewise, preliminary TSA figures are based on quarterly national figures. More detailed calculations are essentially based on the same sources that are used to establish the QNA figures, but generally the TSA calculations make use of more detailed information in the statistical sources.

Collection of data, editing and estimations

The TSA are mainly based on statistics collected by other divisions in Statistics Norway. To some extent, data produced by external suppliers are used.

The source data are critically evaluated and compared with alternative sources where available. In some areas, the statistics have to be adjusted in order to meet the requirements of the national accounts and the TSA. In areas where the statistics are incomplete, assessments are essential. In the process of estimating national accounts data, as well as TSA figures, estimated figures are critically evaluated and controlled in several steps.

The process of estimating data in the national accounts and the TSA starts with the calculation of supply and demand estimates for all goods and services at current prices separately. To some extent, source data are extracted directly from the databases and converted into national accounts codes and format. Other parts of the economy are based on more complex calculations, based on different statistical sources and/or assessments. Finally, supply and demand for each of these goods and services are balanced in the system by using supplementary information and quality assessments from various sources. The TSA figures are then established by extracting data from the national accounts and further split into tourism relevant categories. Finally, the TSA figures, including figures for the rest of the economy, are presented in a way that is suitable for analysing tourism.

As for the annual and quarterly national accounts, the TSA figures are calculated and disseminated in both current and constant prices.

Seasonal adjustment

Not relevant

Confidentiality

The Statistics Act states that data under no circumstances shall be disseminated in such a way that it may be traced back to the supplier. This means that the general rule is not to publish data if there are fewer than three enterprises in an industry. In cases with less than three enterprises in an industry group, data is confidential and aggregated up to a more aggregated industry group before dissemination.

Comparability over time and space

One of the main objectives of the TSA is to obtain comparable figures from year to year and between different countries. The Norwegian TSA is therefore principally comparable with TSA for other countries based on the same recommendations and definitions.

There has been several revisions of the national accounts since the Norwegian TSA was first published for the years 1998-2001. This has lead to breaks in the TSA time series.

Further, the international recommendations for TSA were altered in 2008. These changes were incorporated simultaneously  as the main revision 2011 for the national accounts.

For 2007 and 2011 revised versions were made to allow for comparison before and after the main revisions 2011 and 2014 respectively.

Following the 2019 main revison, where the numbers for employment, output and value added were revised, 2011 was kept as bridge year and the time series from 2011 to 2017 were updated.

Accuracy and reliability

Sources of error and uncertainty

The national accounts and the TSA are based on various statistical sources. The sources are either survey data from establishments, enterprises or households, or data from registers. The TSA figures reflect the uncertainty in the statistical sources and the methods of compilation. Weaknesses and inaccuracies in the statistical sources are normally described in the documentation of the relevant sources. Several of the sources that are used in the national accounts take a long time to produce. Consequently, preliminary figures are more inaccurate than final figures.

Since the TSA, as an incorporated part of the national accounts, is an integrated system with balancing methods and consistency checks, the national accounts may reduce some of the inaccuracies in the statistical sources. On the other hand, TSA and national accounts require the compilation of statistics in areas where the sources are unsatisfactory, and the inaccuracy in such areas may therefore be significant. Some of the figures in the TSA and the national accounts are estimated as residuals, and the uncertainty may be substantial in these areas.

Revision

Since the TSA figures are based on national accounts data, the preliminary TSA figures will be revised annually after an up-to-date revision of the preliminary national accounts data (until final figures are established).

The series with final national accounts figures are revised frequently in order to incorporate new international definitions or standards in the accounts, and/or to incorporate new statistics for parts of the economy that would eventually give significant changes in the level. International recommendations for national accounts recommend such main revisions every 5 years. Main revisions of the national accounts generate a need for a corresponding revision of the TSA figures to make sure that the national accounts figures and the TSA figures are still consistent.

Updates of the international guidelines for satellite tourism accounts do also take place. Normally, already published final figures are not revised. This was exceptionally done for the reference year 2007 as part of the national accounts' main revision 2011, where UNs Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework 2008 also was incorporated.

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