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Statistics about
Research and development in the business enterprise sector
The statistics measures resources spent on research and development (R&D) in the business enterprise sector. It includes intramural and extramural R&D expenditure, R&D personnel, and R&D full-time equivalents. It also covers other aspects like funding, type of R&D and thematic and technology areas.
Selected figures from this statistics
- Research and development (R&D) in business enterprise sector.Download table as ...Research and development (R&D) in business enterprise sector.1
All enterprises (10+ employed) 2023 2022 - 2023 Level Percentages Change in per cent Intramural R&D expenditure (NOK million) 47 044.4 100 9.9 By industry: Manufacturing 14 206.1 30 5.4 Services total 27 407.4 58 11.1 Other industries 5 430.9 12 17.1 By size of enterprise: 10-49 persons employed 14 581.1 31 50-99 persons employed 5 757.1 12 100-199 persons employed 5 039.8 11 200-499 persons employed 7 869.3 17 500 persons employed and more 13 797.1 29 R&D full-time equivalents (FTE) 26 668 5.9 1Figures for enterprises with 5-9 employees are available in the StatBank. Explanation of symbolsDownload table as ... - Intramural and extramural R&D expenditure and R&D full-time equivalents (FTE) in business enterprise sector, by industry and size class (10+ employees). Three years.Download table as ...Intramural and extramural R&D expenditure and R&D full-time equivalents (FTE) in business enterprise sector, by industry and size class (10+ employees). Three years.1
Intramural R&D (NOK million) Extramural R&D (NOK million) R&D full-time equivalents (FTE) 2021 2022 2023 2021 2022 2023 2021 2022 2023 Nace (SN2007) and size class A-N All industries 38 305.1 42 792.8 47 044.4 8 946.4 9 781.7 9 678.2 23 745 25 190 26 668 10-19 persons employed 4 414.4 5 414.5 5 913.6 796.5 721.6 914.4 3 040 3 387 3 499 20-49 persons employed 6 435.1 7 400.7 8 667.5 1 190.6 1 638.0 1 350.1 4 558 4 900 5 067 50-99 persons employed 5 423.5 5 884.4 5 757.1 965.4 900.3 789.2 3 617 3 733 3 647 100-199 persons employed 5 253.3 5 749.0 5 039.8 1 326.6 1 601.1 1 196.9 3 479 3 241 3 341 200-499 persons employed 6 237.1 6 727.3 7 869.3 1 359.8 1 323.6 1 358.7 3 920 4 175 4 395 500 persons employed and more 10 541.6 11 616.9 13 797.1 3 307.6 3 597.2 4 069.0 5 132 5 753 6 720 C Manufacturing 11 808.1 13 480.0 14 206.1 2 406.7 2 653.6 2 317.1 7 544 7 753 8 128 10-19 persons employed 718.8 505.6 692.4 122.6 54.1 67.2 512 319 362 20-49 persons employed 1 325.8 1 458.1 1 599.0 175.4 249.4 255.6 935 958 942 50-99 persons employed 1 233.2 1 439.4 1 355.3 125.4 143.3 119.5 847 976 921 100-199 persons employed 1 935.4 2 578.9 1 841.1 813.6 873.0 396.8 1 321 1 272 1 307 200-499 persons employed 2 070.7 2 451.6 2 422.2 424.4 412.3 321.5 1 382 1 498 1 194 500 persons employed and more 4 524.2 5 046.3 6 296.1 745.3 921.6 1 156.6 2 546 2 730 3 402 G-N Services total 22 376.2 24 676.3 27 407.4 3 568.1 4 193.0 4 195.5 14 285 15 467 16 410 10-19 persons employed 3 568.7 4 385.4 4 615.4 653.5 595.1 807.8 2 468 2 981 2 991 20-49 persons employed 4 633.3 5 517.4 6 294.5 923.6 1 239.5 1 040.2 3 366 3 664 3 881 50-99 persons employed 3 629.6 3 692.8 3 794.3 715.5 637.3 501.6 2 464 2 358 2 400 100-199 persons employed 2 743.1 2 747.7 2 742.9 376.9 599.0 655.3 1 873 1 801 1 810 200-499 persons employed 3 830.6 4 007.1 5 130.1 474.4 571.6 614.1 2 373 2 527 3 023 500 persons employed and more 3 970.8 4 325.8 4 830.3 424.1 550.5 576.5 1 740 2 135 2 303 A, B, D-F Other industries 4 120.8 4 636.5 5 430.9 2 971.6 2 935.1 3 165.6 1 916 1 969 2 130 10-19 persons employed 126.8 523.5 605.8 20.4 72.3 39.4 59 87 145 20-49 persons employed 476.0 425.2 774.0 91.5 149.1 54.3 257 278 244 50-99 persons employed 560.7 752.1 607.5 124.5 119.8 168.1 306 399 326 100-199 persons employed 574.8 422.3 455.7 136.1 129.0 144.8 284 167 224 200-499 persons employed 335.8 268.6 317.0 461.0 339.7 423.1 166 149 178 500 persons employed and more 2 046.6 2 244.8 2 670.7 2 138.1 2 125.2 2 335.9 846 888 1 014 1Figures for enterprises with 5-9 employees are available in the StatBank. Explanation of symbolsDownload table as ... - Intramural and extramural R&D expenditure, R&D personell and R&D full-time equivalents (FTE) in business enterprise sector by Industry (10+ employees). Two yearsDownload table as ...Intramural and extramural R&D expenditure, R&D personell and R&D full-time equivalents (FTE) in business enterprise sector by Industry (10+ employees). Two years1
Intramural R&D (NOK million) Extramural R&D (NOK million) R&D personnel (number of) R&D full-time equivalents (FTE) 2022 2023 2022 2023 2022 2023 2022 2023 Nace (SN2007) A-N All industries 42 792.8 47 044.4 9 781.8 9 678.2 41 201 42 177 25 190 26 668 A03 Fishing and aquaculture 1 398.2 1 491.9 231.5 166.9 984 950 460 484 B05-B09 Mining and cuarrying 1 960.4 2 738.8 2 136.1 2 471.8 1 229 1 671 827 1 063 B06, B09.1 Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas and support act. petroleum extraction 1 930.5 2 696.1 2 135.9 2 466.4 1 195 1 597 804 1 035 C Manufacturing 13 645.8 14 190.3 2 653.9 2 314.9 12 469 12 465 7 790 8 132 C10-C11 Food products and beverages 1 135.0 1 034.8 202.0 211.5 1 391 1 233 672 632 C13 Textiles 37.1 53.2 8.9 1.5 87 87 29 34 C14-C15 Wearing apparel, leather and leather products 39.8 42.5 0.2 0.0 73 56 50 48 C16 Wood and wood products 173.9 213.2 27.3 20.0 429 392 139 122 C17 Paper and paper products 184.3 186.0 12.6 15.9 217 220 110 113 C18 Printing and reproduction 36.3 72.2 1.2 2.5 101 131 30 43 C19-C20 Refined petroleum products, chemicals and chemical products 1 494.0 1 548.9 565.9 682.5 1 141 1 143 924 953 C21 Pharmaceuticals 510.2 616.2 948.5 537.7 365 417 315 348 C22 Rubber and plastic products 252.0 239.8 42.7 30.2 341 275 205 139 C23 Other non-metal mineral products 159.5 188.7 48.3 27.8 235 258 127 132 C24 Basic metals 543.0 610.2 80.6 89.4 592 597 321 337 C25 Fabricated metal prod. 1 741.4 1 909.8 97.3 55.5 1 157 1 123 662 733 C26 Electronic and optical products 2 689.1 3 046.9 103.7 117.0 2 229 2 254 1 831 2 039 C26.3 Manuf. of communication equipment 400.5 384.1 34.0 38.9 368 352 340 324 C26.5 Manuf of testing instr./appliances 1 313.3 1 745.2 33.7 35.4 1 084 1 144 753 1 016 C27 Electrical equipment 1 719.6 1 465.4 156.3 216.0 751 896 532 602 C28 Machinery and equipment 1 466.5 1 264.2 72.0 90.8 1 723 1 552 913 810 C29 Motor vehicles etc. 316.8 311.4 13.7 17.7 265 295 211 213 C30 Other transport equipment 351.6 341.2 76.5 78.9 664 604 211 197 C30.1 Building of ships and boats 318.1 319.8 70.3 77.5 621 574 191 178 C31 Furniture 168.1 : 17.7 : 175 : 134 : C32 Other manufacturing 326.0 : 162.8 : 222 : 179 : C33 Repair, installation of machinery 301.8 411.4 15.6 20.1 310 430 194 225 D35 Electricity and gas supply 407.7 643.8 267.5 339.7 740 746 224 255 E36-E39 Water supply, sewerage and waste 243.5 151.9 73.2 28.1 325 275 103 85 F41-F43 Construction 417.3 344.0 225.6 149.0 943 648 293 212 G-N Services total 24 719.8 27 483.7 4 194.1 4 207.8 24 512 25 421 15 493 16 438 G46 Wholesale trade 992.3 1 253.0 320.8 356.9 1 254 1 373 540 749 H49-H53 Transportation and storage 357.1 448.5 128.4 184.4 529 508 232 269 J58 Publishing activities 3 234.6 3 389.0 387.5 286.8 3 164 2 923 2 326 2 198 J58.2 Software publishing 2 906.6 3 118.9 263.1 168.6 2 843 2 643 2 109 2 017 J59-J60 Motion picture, TV, music prod., programming and broadcasting act. 15.2 34.4 14.6 11.6 70 74 13 33 J61 Telecommunications 558.2 451.9 22.4 75.4 476 370 345 253 J62 Computer programming, consultancy 9 485.4 10 720.4 863.4 872.5 9 586 9 964 6 419 6 757 J63 Information service activities 596.6 817.3 143.4 100.9 756 959 424 554 K64-K66 Financial and insurance activities 2 009.6 2 226.6 675.1 655.5 1 486 1 507 868 895 M70 Head offices, management consult. 522.1 551.3 77.6 25.4 638 665 291 341 M71 Architecture, engineering act. 4 407.9 4 853.8 612.3 552.4 4 498 4 865 2 573 2 794 M72 Scientific research and development 2 124.4 2 167.6 884.3 1 024.8 1 570 1 657 1 153 1 226 M74.9 Other professional, scientific and technical activities 362.7 483.5 50.2 52.9 396 471 272 325 N82.9 Other business supp. serv. act. 53.7 86.4 14.1 8.1 89 85 36 43 1The table includes enterprises with at least 10 employees. Explanation of symbolsDownload table as ... - Intramural R&D expenditure in business enterprise sector, by industry and size class (5+ employees). NOK million.Download table as ...Intramural R&D expenditure in business enterprise sector, by industry and size class (5+ employees). NOK million.
2023 Total R&D expenditures Total R&D current cost Of this: R&D investment cost Compensation of employees Costs for hired personnel Other current costs NACE (SN2007) and size classes A-N All industries (5+ employees) 50 363.1 47 919.2 32 302.2 6 570.7 9 046.3 2 443.9 A-N All industries (10+ employees) 47 044.4 44 804.2 30 377.7 5 852.5 8 574.0 2 240.2 5-9 persons employed 3 318.7 3 114.9 1 924.5 718.2 472.3 203.7 10-19 persons employed 5 913.6 5 352.8 3 536.6 860.7 955.5 560.8 20-49 persons employed 8 667.5 8 395.3 5 391.2 1 222.7 1 781.4 272.2 50-99 persons employed 5 757.1 5 577.3 3 924.0 596.4 1 056.9 179.8 100-199 persons employed 5 039.8 4 821.5 3 688.2 489.6 643.7 218.3 200-499 persons employed 7 869.3 7 318.8 5 388.6 829.4 1 100.8 550.5 500 persons employed and more 13 797.1 13 338.6 8 449.2 1 853.7 3 035.7 458.6 C Manufacturing (5+ employees) 14 682.3 13 619.8 9 083.1 842.9 3 693.7 1 062.5 C Manufacturing (10+ employees) 14 206.1 13 178.0 8 867.8 738.7 3 571.5 1 028.1 5-9 persons employed 476.1 441.8 215.3 104.2 122.2 34.3 10-19 persons employed 692.4 626.3 346.3 43.0 237.0 66.2 20-49 persons employed 1 599.0 1 453.6 962.8 141.4 349.4 145.4 50-99 persons employed 1 355.3 1 303.5 932.9 84.6 285.9 51.8 100-199 persons employed 1 841.1 1 747.0 1 362.2 60.6 324.2 94.2 200-499 persons employed 2 422.2 1 968.8 1 356.2 133.4 479.3 453.4 500 persons employed and more 6 296.1 6 078.9 3 907.5 275.8 1 895.7 217.2 G-N Services total (5+ employees) 30 117.0 29 301.6 20 434.4 5 160.0 3 707.2 815.4 G-N Services total (10+ employees) 27 407.4 26 746.1 18 790.1 4 585.3 3 370.7 661.3 5-9 persons employed 2 709.6 2 555.5 1 644.3 574.7 336.5 154.1 10-19 persons employed 4 615.4 4 411.9 3 027.2 793.2 591.5 203.4 20-49 persons employed 6 294.5 6 207.4 4 152.0 1 027.5 1 027.8 87.1 50-99 persons employed 3 794.3 3 686.3 2 651.0 462.4 572.9 108.0 100-199 persons employed 2 742.9 2 678.4 2 072.2 388.9 217.3 64.5 200-499 persons employed 5 130.1 5 058.8 3 829.4 679.2 550.1 71.3 500 persons employed and more 4 830.3 4 703.3 3 058.2 1 234.0 411.0 127.0 A, B, D-F Other industries (5+ employees) 5 563.9 4 997.8 2 784.7 567.7 1 645.4 566.1 A, B, D-F Other industries (10+ employees) 5 430.9 4 880.1 2 719.8 528.5 1 631.8 550.8 5-9 persons employed 133.0 117.6 64.8 39.2 13.6 15.4 10-19 persons employed 605.8 314.6 163.1 24.5 127.0 291.2 20-49 persons employed 774.0 734.3 276.4 53.9 404.1 39.7 50-99 persons employed 607.5 587.6 340.2 49.3 198.1 20.0 100-199 persons employed 455.7 396.1 253.8 40.1 102.2 59.6 200-499 persons employed 317.0 291.2 203.0 16.8 71.4 25.8 500 persons employed and more 2 670.7 2 556.3 1 483.4 343.9 729.0 114.4 Explanation of symbolsDownload table as ... - Intramural R&D expenditures in business enterprise sector, by industry (10+ employees). NOK millionDownload table as ...Intramural R&D expenditures in business enterprise sector, by industry (10+ employees). NOK million1
2023 Total R&D expenditures Total R&D current cost Of this: R&D investment cost Compensation of employees Costs for hired personnel Other current costs Nace (SN2007) A-N All industries 47 044.4 44 804.2 30 377.7 5 852.5 8 574.0 2 240.2 A03 Fishing and aquaculture 1 491.9 1 215.8 490.9 38.0 686.8 276.1 B05-B09 Mining and cuarrying 2 738.8 2 588.0 1 600.2 326.2 661.6 150.8 B06, B09.1 Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas and support act. petroleum extraction 2 696.1 2 552.7 1 571.3 326.2 655.2 143.4 C Manufacturing 14 190.3 13 168.3 8 840.9 759.5 3 568.0 1 021.9 C10-C11 Food products and beverages 1 034.8 947.3 617.7 22.1 307.6 87.5 C13 Textiles 53.2 51.4 32.7 3.2 15.5 1.7 C14-C15 Wearing apparel, leather and leather products 42.5 38.5 33.9 0.0 4.6 4.0 C16 Wood and wood products 213.2 168.2 119.8 8.2 40.2 45.0 C17 Paper and paper products 186.0 148.3 109.0 2.3 37.1 37.7 C18 Printing and reproduction 72.2 68.8 33.4 0.7 34.6 3.4 C19-C20 Refined petroleum products, chemicals and chemical products 1 548.9 1 470.6 1 083.6 49.8 337.2 78.3 C21 Pharmaceuticals 616.2 603.0 442.8 4.5 155.7 13.3 C22 Rubber and plastic products 239.8 199.8 139.3 8.0 52.5 40.0 C23 Other non-metal mineral products 188.7 170.2 128.1 1.2 40.9 18.4 C24 Basic metals 610.2 574.4 420.1 23.4 130.9 35.8 C25 Fabricated metal prod. 1 909.8 1 879.8 909.4 36.1 934.3 29.9 C26 Electronic and optical products 3 046.9 2 972.9 2 169.9 260.2 542.8 74.0 C26.3 Manuf. of communication equipment 384.1 370.3 333.4 3.4 33.5 13.8 C26.5 Manuf of testing instr./appliances 1 745.2 1 734.5 1 150.5 176.2 407.8 10.7 C27 Electrical equipment 1 465.4 1 051.7 688.4 83.9 279.3 413.8 C28 Machinery and equipment 1 264.2 1 201.9 838.0 66.6 297.3 62.2 C29 Motor vehicles etc. 311.4 290.4 228.1 26.2 36.2 21.0 C30 Other transport equipment 341.2 312.3 210.2 27.3 74.8 28.8 C30.1 Building of ships and boats 319.8 292.2 193.7 26.8 71.7 27.7 C31 Furniture : : : : : : C32 Other manufacturing : : : : : : C33 Repair, installation of machinery 411.4 391.0 221.5 29.8 139.8 20.4 D35 Electricity and gas supply 643.8 578.9 308.0 81.4 189.4 64.9 E36-E39 Water supply, sewerage and waste 151.9 130.6 85.6 14.7 30.3 21.2 F41-F43 Construction 344.0 300.6 209.1 46.9 44.6 43.4 G-N Services total 27 483.7 26 822.0 18 843.0 4 585.7 3 393.3 661.8 G46 Wholesale trade 1 253.0 1 216.0 803.0 175.7 237.3 37.0 H49-H53 Transportation and storage 448.5 442.7 317.0 94.6 31.1 5.8 J58 Publishing activities 3 389.0 3 348.0 2 529.6 552.4 266.0 41.0 J58.2 Software publishing 3 118.9 3 078.9 2 345.5 490.3 243.1 40.0 J59-J60 Motion picture, TV, music prod., programming and broadcasting act. 34.4 33.9 24.7 7.6 1.6 0.4 J61 Telecommunications 451.9 414.1 296.9 76.4 40.8 37.8 J62 Computer programming, consultancy 10 720.4 10 576.6 7 781.1 1 820.6 974.8 143.8 J63 Information service activities 817.3 815.5 628.3 153.1 34.1 1.8 K64-K66 Financial and insurance activities 2 226.6 2 216.1 1 001.2 1 061.2 153.7 10.6 M70 Head offices, management consult. 551.3 549.7 438.0 30.7 80.9 1.7 M71 Architecture, engineering act. 4 853.8 4 613.5 3 353.2 486.6 773.7 240.3 M72 Scientific research and development 2 167.6 2 046.9 1 261.6 98.7 686.6 120.7 M74.9 Other professional, scientific and technical activities 483.5 469.0 361.4 23.3 84.3 14.5 N82.9 Other business supp. serv. act. 86.4 80.0 47.0 4.6 28.4 6.4 1The table includes enterprises with at least 10 employees. Explanation of symbolsDownload table as ... - R&D personnel and R&D full-time equivalents (FTE) in business enterprise sector, by industry (10+ employees). NumberDownload table as ...R&D personnel and R&D full-time equivalents (FTE) in business enterprise sector, by industry (10+ employees). Number1
2023 Total R&D personnel Of this: Total R&D full-time equivalents (FTE) Of this: Female R&D personnel R&D personnel with higher degree education, incl.PhD R&D personnel with PhD R&D FTEs performed by personnel with higher degree education, incl. PhD R&D FTEs performed by personnel with PhD NACE (SN2007) A-N All industries 42 177 9 389 27 580 3 125 26 668 18 555 2 452 A03 Fishing and aquaculture 950 288 393 93 484 249 81 B05-B09 Mining and cuarrying 1 671 337 1 392 270 1 063 889 239 B06, B09.1 Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas and support act. petroleum extraction 1 597 312 1 354 266 1 035 872 237 C Manufacturing 12 465 2 604 6 868 1 009 8 132 5 086 854 C10-C11 Food products and beverages 1 233 479 622 126 632 407 101 C13 Textiles 87 19 29 1 34 17 0 C14-C15 Wearing apparel, leather and leather products 56 43 42 0 48 37 0 C16 Wood and wood products 392 45 83 4 122 33 3 C17 Paper and paper products 220 52 98 9 113 63 8 C18 Printing and reproduction 131 31 17 0 43 6 0 C19-C20 Refined petroleum products, chemicals and chemical products 1 143 474 742 224 953 638 200 C21 Pharmaceuticals 417 230 361 138 348 308 130 C22 Rubber and plastic products 275 37 125 3 139 70 3 C23 Other non-metal mineral products 258 48 96 22 132 67 17 C24 Basic metals 597 133 291 88 337 203 74 C25 Fabricated metal prod. 1 123 121 502 40 733 379 29 C26 Electronic and optical products 2 254 312 1 526 161 2 039 1 410 152 C26.3 Manuf. of communication equipment 352 42 233 11 324 221 11 C26.5 Manuf of testing instr./appliances 1 144 159 721 67 1 016 656 60 C27 Electrical equipment 896 114 503 76 602 366 58 C28 Machinery and equipment 1 552 164 769 55 810 448 36 C29 Motor vehicles etc. 295 31 175 5 213 139 5 C30 Other transport equipment 604 69 382 14 197 125 5 C30.1 Building of ships and boats 574 65 360 13 178 108 4 C31 Furniture : : : : : : : C32 Other manufacturing : : : : : : : C33 Repair, installation of machinery 430 59 227 24 225 126 15 D35 Electricity and gas supply 746 174 572 74 255 204 31 E36-E39 Water supply, sewerage and waste 275 89 183 25 85 66 10 F41-F43 Construction 648 126 323 13 212 102 7 G-N Services total 25 421 5 771 17 849 1 641 16 438 11 959 1 229 G46 Wholesale trade 1 373 325 682 59 749 454 48 H49-H53 Transportation and storage 508 111 314 18 269 172 11 J58 Publishing activities 2 923 549 1 984 77 2 198 1 585 67 J58.2 Software publishing 2 643 470 1 791 73 2 017 1 454 64 J59-J60 Motion picture, TV, music prod., programming and broadcasting act. 74 17 28 1 33 15 1 J61 Telecommunications 370 59 280 42 253 204 39 J62 Computer programming, consultancy 9 964 1 829 6 872 381 6 757 4 722 298 J63 Information service activities 959 208 560 15 554 319 10 K64-K66 Financial and insurance activities 1 507 554 1 078 20 895 647 12 M70 Head offices, management consult. 665 286 585 68 341 315 43 M71 Architecture, engineering act. 4 865 1 081 3 760 467 2 794 2 262 327 M72 Scientific research and development 1 657 608 1 301 430 1 226 987 330 M74.9 Other professional, scientific and technical activities 471 92 344 50 325 250 36 N82.9 Other business supp. serv. act. 85 52 59 13 43 27 7 1The table includes enterprises with at least 10 employees. Explanation of symbolsDownload table as ...
About the statistics
The information under «About the statistics» was last updated 31 October 2024.
Research and development (R&D)
Research and development (R&D) comprises creative work undertaken on a systematic basis to increase the stock of knowledge, or new applications of available knowledge.
It can be difficult to distinguish R&D from innovation and other related activities. Important criteria that must be met for the activity to be considered R&D are that it contains something new, is creative, has uncertainty related to the result, is systematic and can be transferred and/or reproduced.
R&D activity in business enterprises
Enterprises in business enterprise sector perform most of the R&D activity with own employees, but in some cases it is necessary to supply with external R&D expertise. The R&D statistics define two alternative ways to use external R&D expertise: purchase of R&D services (extramural R&D) and external R&D personnel (hired personnel). An enterprise that hires external personnel, for example consultants, keep the management of the R&D project and the external personnel works together with the enterprises' own employees.
Intramural R&D
is R&D performed within the statistical unit by own personnel or external/hired personnel.
Intramural R&D expenditures
encompass labour costs for R&D personnel, cost of external/hired R&D personnel, other current costs and capital expenditures on R&D. Extramural R&D is not included.
R&D personnel
encompass enterprises' employees that perform research and development, both inside and outside the R&D department. It includes researchers, product- and process developers and technical and administrative support staff that participate in R&D. External personnel are not included, but are available in separate tables.
R&D full-time equivalent (FTE)
is the R&D work performed by enterprises' employees during one year, converted into full-time equivalents (FTEs). R&D FTEs performed by external personnel are not included, but are available in separate tables.
R&D personnel and R&D FTEs can from 2021 be classified in two personnel types based on their tasks/functions:
- Researchers: Product- or process developers, researchers and project managers
- Technical/administrative personnel: support staff for R&D, including technicians, laboratory technicians, and administration connected to R&D projects.
Until 2021 they can be classified in these categories based on whether they had higher degree of education or not, and it is therefore break in time series.
External R&D personnel and R&D FTEs
encompass external/hired R&D personnel that are integrated in the enterprises' intramural R&D activity and work together with the enterprises' own R&D personnel. External R&D personnel have been subject to the enterprises' direct management. External R&D personnel and FTEs are available in separate tables in the Statbank.
Extramural R&D expenditures
encompass R&D services purchased from others; as research institutes, other Norwegian/foreign enterprises. Also including delivered R&D services from units in the same enterprise group. Costs of external personnel are not included.
The statistical units are classified according to:
- Standard Industrial Classification (SIC2007). The basis for SIC 2007 is the EU standard NACE Rev. 2 and the UN standard ISIC Rev. 3.
- Size class by number of employees: 05-09 employees, 10-19, 20-49, 50-99, 100-199, 200-499 and 500+ employees
- Counties
Name: Research and development in the business enterprise sector
Topic: Technology and innovation
Division for R&D, Technology and Business Dynamics Statistics
National level, key variables by county and economic region. Main variables by county are available in Statbank. Main variables by economic region are available by request.
The statistics are published annually. Preliminary key figures are published 10 months after the statistical year. Final figures are published 14 months after the statistical year. Final figures provide more detailed information on industry and region and offer various breakdowns of key variables.
The statistics are reported to OECD and Eurostat.
Collected and revised data are stored securely by Statistics Norway in compliance with applicable legislation on data processing.
Statistics Norway can grant access to the source data (de-identified or anonymised microdata) on which the statistics are based, for researchers and public authorities for the purposes of preparing statistical results and analyses. Access can be granted upon application and subject to conditions. Refer to the details about this at Access to data from Statistics Norway
The purpose of the R&D surveys is to map the national R&D activity in the business enterprise sector, the institute sector and the higher education sector. The surveys and results are prepared according to guidelines made by the OECD in the so-called "Frascati manual" (oecd.org).
The first R&D statistical surveys in Norway were conducted in the late 1950s. An important background was that the Norwegian research councils needed systematic information about research personnel, research recruitment needs and comparisons of investment in research between Norway and other countries. The Norwegian Research Council for General Sciences (NAVF) and the Norwegian Research Council for Technical and Natural Sciences (NTNF) participated early in the work on R&D statistics in line with the OECD's initiative. The other Nordic countries also participated early in the work. Over the years, the Nordic countries have worked closely together on these statistics. 1963 is considered the year in which international R&D statistics were established, and Norway has participated in the work from the beginning. In 1993, the five research councils were merged, and the official R&D statistics for Norway have since been prepared by Statistics Norway and the Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education (NIFU) in agreement with the Research Council of Norway.
From the 1960s until 2022, the Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education (NIFU and its predecessors) was responsible for conducting the survey for the institute sector and the higher education sector. Statistics Norway has conducted the survey for the business enterprise sector since 1991. As of 2022, Statistics Norway will conduct the R&D survey for all three R&D performing sectors.
Key users are ministries, the Research Council of Norway, research environments, media and business organizations. The survey is an important part of the knowledge base for research policy, and is used in evaluation, research, and analysis. OECD and Eurostat also use the results in international comparisons.
No external users have access to statistics before they are released at 8 a.m. on ssb.no after at least three months’ advance notice in the release calender. This is one of the most important principles in Statistics Norway for ensuring the equal treatment of users.
The national R&D figures are the sum of the figures for three sectors:
- The higher education sector
- The institute sector
- Business enterprise sector
Statistics Norway reports R&D statistics for Norway to the OECD and Eurostat, but with a somewhat different sector division internationally than the Norwegian one. The OECD's sector division consists of:
- Higher education sector
- Government sector
- Business enterprise sector
- Private non-profit sector (PNP)
The higher education sector corresponds to the Norwegian higher education sector.
The government sector comprises the Norwegian institute sector apart from private research institutes which mainly serve the business enterprise sector. The business-oriented research institutes include industry specific research institutes and contract institutes, which in the international reporting belong to the Business enterprise sector.
In addition to private research institutes that mainly serve the business enterprise sector, the Business enterprise sector includes the business enterprises, i.e. companies with at least 10 employees.
The PNP sector (private non-profit) performs little R&D in Norway and is therefore merged with the Government sector in the international R&D statistics. The same applies to the PNP sector in many other countries.
Innovation survey
The R&D survey for the business enterprise sector was formerly carried out together with the innovation survey and data collected together in the same questionnaire. From 2013 onwards the R&D survey and the innovation survey are carried out separately. As previously the results from these surveys are published separately. R&D is one of the innovation activities, but the innovation survey covers a wider range of activities than R&D only.
The statistics are developed, produced and disseminated pursuant to Act no. 32 of 21 June 2019 relating to official statistics and Statistics Norway (the Statistics Act).
Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European business enterprise statistics.
The Business Enterprise sector. NACE-sectors 03, 05-33, 35-39, 41-43, 46, 49-53, 58-66, 70-72, 74.9, 82.9 (SN2007). Enterprises with at least 10 employees.
Surveys using the Central Register of Establishments and Enterprises as a frame.
The survey is a census of all units with at least 50 employees. In addition are all units with10-49 employees and with considerable reported R&D activity in the previous survey included. Among the other units with 10 - 49 employees a random sample is drawn within each strata (NACE 2-digit and size class). The fraction rate is normally 30 percent, but in some strata 15 and 10 percent are used.
The sample was about 5-6000 units.
The sample was extended in the 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2022 and 2023 survey to also include enterprises with 5-9 employees. The total sample of these years is therefore larger than in the years in between. For comparability the statistics were presented both with and without this extension of the survey. The enterprises with 5-9 employees are not included in comparisons over time and international comparisons.
From 2008 onwards, enterprises with less than 20 employees in the industries Construction and Transportation and storage are not included. These groups have a large number of enterprises and a very low share of the total R&D activity in the business enterprise sector.
The statistical unit is enterprise, and with breakdown of a number of variables to establishments (local kind-of-activity unit). Until 1999 the statistical unit was the branch unit ( kind-of-activity unit) .
An enterprise is defined as the smallest combination of legal units that is an organizational unit producing goods or services. An enterprise may be a sole legal unit. An enterprise carries out one or more activities at one or more locations and may consist of one or more branch units or establishments. A establishment is geographically located in one particular place and its main activity delimited to one NACE-class. A branch unit encompasses all establishment units within the same NACE-class, but is not necessarily located to only one region. The use of branch unit/establishments gives the most detailed breakdown of the statistics by NACE. When enterprise is used as statistical unit the R&D activity is classified by NACE according to the enterprise’s main activity.
The data on R&D are collected by electronic questionnaire, more information at http://www.ssb.no/innrapportering/naeringsliv/fou. The forms are sent out 4-5 months after the end of the reference year.
Response burden
The time used to fill in the form is estimated to 30 minutes on average. This yields a total response burden of 2-3000 hours for the enterprises. However, the content of the questionnaire may vary from one year to another.
Editing
Editing is defined here as checking, examining and amending data.
All forms undergo on-receipt controls (is the questionnaire filled in, is there any obvious inconsistencies etc). There are integrated a number of controls in the electronic questionaire. After the data are made available electronically, more detailed controls take part, including check with the data from the previous survey, information from the financial account etc.
Estimations
For units with less than 50 employees the survey is based on a sample of units. Total figures for this part of the survey population are estimated based on the sample units. The estimations are done within each stratum, NACE 2-digit level and size-class.
Fixed prices
The respondents report R&D expenditure in current prices. Statistics Norway also publishes the figures for R&D expenditure in current prices. For total R&D expenditure, we also calculate figures in fixed prices. The base year is 2015. The deflator is based on the price index of production in NACE 72 Research and development in the national accounts. See table 09170 in the statistics bank, the variable "Output at basic value. Annual change in prices (per cent)". This is a weighted cost index - an average index for the different types of expenditure. The same deflator is used for all the R&D performing sectors.
Not relevant
Employees of Statistics Norway have a duty of confidentiality.
Statistics Norway does not publish figures if there is a risk of the respondent’s contribution being identified. This means that, as a general rule, figures are not published if fewer than three units form the basis of a cell in a table or if the contribution of one or two respondents constitutes a very large part of the cell total.
Statistics Norway can make exceptions to the general rule if deemed necessary to meet the requirements of the EEA agreement, if the respondent is a public authority, if the respondent has consented to this, or when the information disclosed is openly accessible to the public.
More information can be found on Statistics Norway’s website under Methods in official statistics, in the ‘Confidentiality’ section.
Comparability over time:
The first surveys of R&D started back in 1963, from 1970 onwards in a systematic way. The statistics have been worked out on bi-annual basis since 1977, but is undertaken annually from 2001 onwards. The first surveys covered only manufacturing industry, but the service industries have gradually been included. Statistics Norway is responsible for the survey for the Business enterprise sector from 1991 onwards. In 1995 the survey was considerably extended.
From 1991 the statistical unit was the kind-of-activity unit. For 2001 this was changed to enterprise as the main statistical unit, but with a breakdown of the main variables to local kind-of-activity unit.
From 2008 a new version of the industry classification (SN2007) was implemented making it more difficult to compare with former vintages. Results from 2007 are published both by the old and the new classification, while former vintages only are published by the old classification (SN2002).
Every second year, enterprises with 5-9 employees are included in the survey.For comparability the statistics were presented both with and without this extension of the survey. The enterprises with 5-9 employees are not included in comparisons over time and international comparisons.
Comparability with Eurostat/OECDs database
R&D statistics are reported to Eurostat using a slightly different sector classification than the Norwegian one. In Eurostat/OECD databases, the "Business enterprise sector" (BES) consists of the business sector and industry-oriented research institutions from the institute sector. In Eurostat/OECD databases, research institutions are included in the industry M72 Scientific research and development.
R&D statistics use local kind-of-activity unit as the unit in tables with industry. This was also the case for reporting to Eurostat/OECD until 2020. Starting in 2021, enterprises (legal units) are used for all data in reporting to Eurostat/OECD, including industry. This change is due to the requirement to report with the statistical unit "enterprise." In R&D statistics, there is a good alignment between the statistical enterprise and the legal unit. In the Eurostat/OECD databases, tables by industry have a discontinuity in 2021 because the unit changes from local kind-of-activity unit to enterprise (legal unit). Comparability with nationally published figures is reduced from 2021.
In the reporting of R&D personnel and R&D FTEs to Eurostat/OECD, SSB report the enterprises' employed R&D personnel (internal R&D personnel). External R&D personnel are not included. This is marked with "Definition differ" flag because the requirement from Eurostat is "Total R&D personnel" as the sum of internal and external R&D personnel. SSB report internal R&D personnel because of data quality and response burden.
The concept of R&D may be difficult to distinguish from related activities.
The response rate for the survey is high, around 99 per cent, and the results should for that reason not be biased by non-respondents. In case of non-response from large R&D performers there are good routines to estimate missing data. Preliminary results have a larger degree of uncertainty than final results.
Due to controls in the electronic questionnaire, the item non-response is almost non-existent. Item non-response is in case adjusted during the revision process.
The population of enterprises is based upon the Central Register of Establishments and Enterprises. The sample is stratified by NACE 2-digit and number of employees. Incomplete updating of these variables and entries and exits of enterprises may cause errors in the survey.
A revision is a planned change to figures that have already been published, for example when releasing final figures as a follow-up to published preliminary figures. See also Statistics Norway’s principles for revisions.
Preliminary figures are typically published approximately 10 months after the end of the statistical year and include a limited set of indicators distributed by main industry and size group.
Final figures, with all indicators and detailed industry-specific data, are published 14 months after the end of the statistical year. At the same time, data that was released as part of the preliminary figures is updated.
There is usually little change in the main figures between the preliminary and final publications. Both preliminary and final figures are based on reported data. Any significant changes between preliminary and final figures will be addressed in the statistical releases.
Guidelines for R&D statistics made by the OECD in the so-called "Frascati manual" (oecd.org).