Completion rates of pupils in upper secondary education

The Knowledge Promotion Reform:
Introduced in 2006, this reform continued the legalized right to upper secondary education. It also introduced a new terminology. "Area of study" was now called "education programme" for example.

Enrolled pupils: Pupils registered at an educational institution at the 1^st October a given year.

Education programme:
A common description of related subjects in upper secondary education. Upper secondary education consists of three levels: Vg1, Vg2 and Vg3 (first, second and third year for general programme fields).

General fields of study:
Courses are divided into general study programmes and vocational study programmes. General fields of study include courses such as "Specialization in general studies", "Music, dance and drama" and "Sports and physical education". From 2016, "Media and communication" and "Arts, design and crafts" were included.

Pupils at vocational fields of study can also obtain a university and college admissions certificate (like they would from general study programmes) by completing a vg3 additional courses to obtain such a certificate.

Vocational fields of study: Vocational fields of study include courses in "Building and construction", "Design, arts and crafts", "Electricity and electronics", "Healthcare, childhood and youth development", "Media and communication" (until 2015), "Agriculture, fishing and forestry", "Restaurant and food", "Service and transport" and "Technical and industrial production".

In the autumn of 2016, "Media and communication" became a general field of study. Pupils starting Media and communication in the autumn of 2015 or earlier, follow the old programme (as a vocational field of study).

Alternative education program: Pupils in alternative curriculum. Alternative education programmes cannot be specified prior to 2006.

The total competence achieved by the end of the course is ranged by the type of competence. Trade certificates are prioritized, followed by other vocational qualifications and university and college admissions certifications. Double competence is not represented at the current time.

Basic competence is competence on a lower level than a full vocational qualification or university and college admissions certification. Basic competence is documented in the form of a training certificate and may be planned or unplanned. The pupil or training candidate receives training that is based around those subjects, or parts of subjects, that she or he is able to master.

Pupils heading for such planned basic competence, that will be regarded as having completed their upper secondary education, have to:

1. Attend upper secondary education at least 3 years during the five year period
2. Successfully complete the individual training programme

Pupils heading for planned basic competence, who have a decision (resolution) of special education in all subjects, do not need to show progression. On the other hand, pupils heading for planned basic competence and who have a decision on special education just in a few subjects, have to show progression to level 3.

Lower secondary school points: Lower secondary school points sum up the pupils’ results in different subjects and form the basis of entrance/intake in upper secondary education. Including school year 2005/2006, the lower secondary school points were calculated by adding up the numerical value of eleven grades of subjects. From 2007 lower secondary school points are calculated by adding up the numerical value of the grades, dividing on the number of grades and multiplying by 10. The exception is when the participant has less than eight grades. In such cases, lower secondary school points are not calculated and are classified as missing.

Completed education: A pupil is considered to have completed their education with a university and college admissions certificate or vocational qualification if he/she is registered with passed Vg3/vocational certificate and/or registered with a certificate in the National Results Database. Those taking courses at a higher education institution are also treated as “completed upper secondary education”.

Normative length of study: Normative length of study is the period to complete upper secondary education within the course requirements for full-time pupils. Normally, this is three years for general programmes and four years for vocational programmes (two years in school and two years of apprenticeship). However, some programmes have two and a half or three years of apprenticeship combined with two years in school. Moreover, some programmes have three years in school and two years of apprenticeship (especially within Electricity and electronics, but also Building and construction). To take into account variations in the normative length, we use normative length as specified in the VIGO code database.

Beyond normative length of study: Completion beyond normative length of study is when a pupil/apprentice uses more time than what is normative (see above), but within the time horizon for the tables published here.

Drop-out: refers to a pupil who dropped out before or within final year.

School county: County of school.

Social background: Is based on parent's educational level. The parent with the highest educational level defines the social background of the pupil.

Household income (split in quintiles): The needs of a household grow with each additional member but not in a proportional way. Needs for housing space, electricity, etc. will not be three times as high for a household with three members than for a single person, due to economy of scale. With the help of equivalence scales each household type in the population is assigned a value in proportion to its needs. The factors commonly considered to assign these values are the number of persons in the household and whether they are adults or children. Several equivalents-scales exist which are used for different purposes. In the Income and wealth statistics for households, the EU scale is applied.

The groups represented are generated by splitting the data into five equal parts, quintiles. The first quintile is equivalent to the fifth of households with the lowest incomes, containing pupils who started upper secondary education a certain year. While the fifth quintile contains the pupils, belonging to the housholds with the highest incomes.

Status of Low-income group: Pupils are placed in this group if they belong to a household with annual equivalent income below the low-income threshold. The threshold is earnings below 60 percent of median income after tax, per consumption unit, in Norway the last 3 years.

Number of economically active persons in the household: Number of people in the household the pupil belongs to, that has income from employment or self-employment that is greater than twice the Basic Amount of the National Insurance Scheme (so-called "G", or "grunnbeløpet"). This concept differs from the definition “Employed persons” used in other statistics, which defines whether a person is in employment at a certain time.

Country of birth, citizenship and country of origin: These variables are classified according to Statistics Norway's' country codes.

Immigrants are persons born abroad of two foreign-born parents and four foreign-born grandparents.

Norwegian-born to immigrant parents are born in Norway of two parents born abroad and in addition have four grandparents born abroad.

The Norwegian Standard Classification of Education, which was created by Statistics Norway in 1970, groups the educational activity. The standard has been revised; the latest large revision of the standard was done in 2000.

Name: Completion rates of pupils in upper secondary education
Topic: Education

360 Division for Education and Culture Statistics

This statistical product shows numbers for school counties and at the national level. Statistics at a lower geographical level than county can be ordered by contacting Statistics Norway.

Annual.

Reporting to OECD and Eurostat and UNESCO.

All education statistics at Statistics Norway is stored in a proper, standardized manner in consultation with the Data Inspectorate.

There is a need for comprehensive official education statistics and the aim of these statistical products is to document education at upper secondary school level. The statistics is individually based and are built upon data on educational activity for each pupil from completed lower secondary to completed upper secondary education. The part of adult education which is individually based is also included.

Norwegian education statistics went through a structural readjustment in the beginning of the 1970. All education statistics on higher education were then collected individually based, and all educational activities were attached to each person's Personal ID-number.

The availability of individually based data has formed the basis of the National Education Database (NUDB). This database enables the production of different kinds of individualised statistics on education. It is important for the production of statistics on the flow of pupils through the educational system.

The purpose of this statistics is to develop simple analysis of the throughput of pupils through upper secondary education based on the data made available in NUDB.

Important users of the education statistics are public administration, special interest organizations, the media, researchers, business and industry. Key users among the ministries are, in particular, the Ministry of Education and Research, the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Government and the Ministry of Finance. The statistics are also used by international organizations such as the EU, the OECD and UNESCO. Analyses of completed upper secondary education are especially relevant for planning and research.

No external users have access to the statistics and analyses before they are published and accessible simultaneously for all users on ssb.no at 8 am. Prior to this, a minimum of three months' advance notice is given in the Statistics Release Calendar. This is one of the most important principles for equal treatment of users that Statistics Norway has.

The research institution NIFU STEP published completion analyses, with data from Statistics Norway, among others.

Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training (Udir) publishes annual completion statistics for upper secondary education, which is delivered by Statistics Norway.

The difference between Statistics Norway's statistical product is that pupils registered with a municipality outside Norway are excluded from Udir's version. Pupils in "alternative education programs" is included in Udirs main numbers. Statistics Norway seperate these out to their own categories, or places them in general studies. Udir combines Svalbard into one of the Northern Municipalities.

The statistical product is developed, produced and communicated by authority of Act on Official Statistics and Statistics Norway, The Statistics Act of 21st June 2019 nr. 32 (Act on Offical Statistics, lovdata.no)

Data is delivered according to the EU delegated act 1925/99 3711/91.

The statistical product includes all pupils registered in upper secondary education under the education act. The register of populations highest attained education comprises all persons 16 years and above living in Norway as at 1 October. Participants that follow reform-94 are not included.

Statistics on the completion of upper secondary education of pupils are based on pupils enrolled in the basic course (Vg1) for the first time and description of their educational status after five/six years. Pupils in alternative education programmes are included.

Within upper secondary education, the counties own administrative data system VIGO is the main source. Data is also obtained from the National Results Database for upper secondary examinations (NVB) administered by the Admissions Board at the University of Oslo. Other source of data is the Health Personnel Register (HPR).

For representing tables on houshold income, low income threshold and number of economically active people in households, data is collected from the statistical product Income and wealth statistics for households.

Information on completed education which forms the basis for the production of completion statistics has the administrative system of the counties for upper secondary VIGO as the source of data. The main purpose of VIGO is the management of the enrolment of pupils in upper secondary education in the different countries. The database also contains data on all pupils registered in county upper secondary schools. Data from private upper secondary schools are also reported through VIGO.

To make completion statistics, it is essential to have information about results from upper secondary education. VIGO data is supplemented by data from the National Results Database (NVB) and the Health Personnel Register (HPR).

All education data undergo various on-receipt controls. It encompasses deletion of duplicates (units with identical Personal ID-number), a control of correct and valid values for each variable. The data is also recoded so they are comparable. All Personal ID-numbers are checked for errors.

The statistics are based on an enumeration of the number completed educations and registered pupils and apprentices.

The general rule is not to publish data if there is a risk that individuals might be identified.

Individually based education statistics were collected for the first time in 1974. Most variables are comparable, but some have changed. The Norwegian Standard Classification of Education has been revised to secure comparability over time.

Statistics for completion of upper secondary education are based on a data extraction from the National database for education (NUDB). The statistics were presented for the first time in 2004. In 2007, the statistics were presented in a new way. 2007 and onwards, Statistics Norway has differentiated between pupils and appentices that had interrupted their education and those who were enrolled in the final year but failed the exams. These two groups had previously both been included in “drop-out from upper secondary education”. Moreover, the statistics show the share of pupils having obtained a university and college certification or a vocational qualification within 5 years.

In 2020, the statistics were again revised and new tables were published. We follow pupils starting in one of the vocational programmes on additional year, we included a precision of normative length for vocational programmes, completed planned basic competences was included in several of the tables and school country was introduced as a new regional entity. Read more about this under Accuracy and reliability – revision.

When data are extracted from administrative registers, measurement and processing errors, dropout errors and withdrawal errors do not occur in the same sense as when data are collected by questionnaires. Errors may occur during the collection of data if units being investigated are not identical to the mass of units we aim at describing.

For the central part of the data used in these statistics, there is reason to assume a relatively good agreement between the specifications for excerpts and the characteristics of data in the registers, and data in the registers about individuals, schools and courses are of good quality. However, there may be shortcomings in some areas in the registers, and in such cases, errors will be transmitted if the routines for checking and correction of such errors are not sufficiently precise. Such deficiencies are mainly related to insufficient registration and/or updating of the register, or to non-standard use of codes that are not corrected through Statistics Norway's audit routines.

Measurement of results is crucial for completion statistics. The National Results Database (NVB) and data form the administrative systems for admission to upper secondary education of the counties (VIGO) are of good quality. To the extent that VIGO is the basis for passed courses and interruptions, there are possibilities for measurement errors in the sense that registration and control of results from courses to some extent depend on manual controls. This is sought to be corrected through a strong focus on routines and controls of this information both systems delivering data and in Statistics Norway’s revision of the data.

For the publication of results in June 2020, a bigger revision of the statistics for completion in upper secondary education has been undertaken.

1. As most vocational programmes have a normative length of four years (usually two years in school and two years apprenticeship), we follow pupils starting a vocational programme one additional year, i.e. six years after starting in upper secondary education. We follow those starting a general programme over a period of five years.
2. Previously, three years was used as normative length for general studies and four years for vocational studies, with the exception of programmes having three years at school and to years in a company. There are also a few other vocational programmes where the apprenticeship lasts for more then two years. These programmes were previously treated as if they had a normative length of four years, but we have now taken into account the actual normative length with information from the VIGO code database.
3. Pupils with special needs and who have individual curriculums leading to planned basic competences, are specified in several tables.
4. In tables with a regional distribution, we use school county as a regional entity instead of country of residence at the age of 16 that was previously used.

For publication in 2023, one new subject has entered as an option in the first year of upper secondary education: "Art, design and architecture" (general field of study), in addition, "Media and Communication" was changed from being a vocational field programme to becoming a general field of study. This has consequences for how shares are distributed between these categories, and which programmes appear in tables ("Media and communication" is represented as two different programme areas, before, and from, the starting cohort 2016).